Ettore Sottsass
Template:Short description Template:Copy edit Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox architect Ettore Sottsass (Template:IPA; 14 September 1917 – 31 December 2007) was an Italian architect and product designer. He was known for his designs of furniture, jewelry, glass, lighting, homeware and office supplies. He also worked on numerous buildings and interiors, often defined by bold colours.
Early life
Sottsass was born in Innsbruck, Austria, and grew up in Turin, where his father, also named Ettore Sottsass, was an architect.<ref name="Sudjic-2015">Template:Cite book</ref> His father belonged to the modernist architecture group Movimento Italiano per l'Architettura Razionale (MIAR), which was led by Giuseppe Pagano.
Sottsass attended Politecnico di Torino in Turin and graduated in 1939 with a degree in architecture.<ref name="Pogrebin-2008" />
After the Allies reached Italy, Sottsass joined the Italian Republican Fascist Party and he enlisted in the Monterosa Division of the Repubblica Sociale Italiana which was led by Benito Mussolini, to fight in the mountains alongside Hitler's army (Sottsass tells his adventures as a Lieutenant of the Monterosa Division in his autobiography Scritto di notte published by Adelphi).
After his time in the military, Sottsass opened his own architecture and design firm in Milan, Italy. Here he started designing furniture and experimented with different color, patterns and shapes. His work was often associated with pop culture with his brightly colored whimsical objects. His pieces were often made out of glass and ceramic.
Early career
After returning home, Ettore Sottsass worked as an architect with his father, often on new modernist versions of buildings that were destroyed during the war. In 1947, living in Milan, he set up his own architectural and industrial design studio,<ref name="Pogrebin-2008">Template:Cite news</ref> where he began to create work in a variety of different media: ceramic, painting, sculpture, furniture, photography, jewelry, architecture and interior design.
In 1949, Sottsass was married to Fernanda Pivano, a writer, journalist, translator and critic.<ref>Ettore Sottsass. The Telegraph. 2 January 2008</ref> From 1954 to 1957 he was a member of the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, resigning due to the movement's perceived aggression and its lack of professionalism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1956, Sottsass traveled to New York City and began working in the office of George Nelson. He and Pivano traveled widely while working for Nelson, and returned to Italy after a few months. During the same year, Sottsass was commissioned by the American entrepreneur Irving Richards on an exhibition of his ceramics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Back in Italy in 1957, Sottsass joined Template:Ill, a semi-industrial producer of contemporary furniture, as an artistic consultant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Much of the furniture he worked on there influenced the design he would create later with Memphis Milano.
In 1956, Sottsass was hired by Adriano Olivetti as a design consultant for Olivetti, to design electronic devices and develop the first Italian mainframe computer, the Elea 9003 for which he was awarded the Compasso d'Oro in 1959.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Olivetti Archive-2022">Template:Cite web</ref> His design for the MC 19 electric adding machine (with Template:Ill) was awarded the Compasso d'Oro in 1970.<ref name="Olivetti Archive-2022" /> At Olivetti, he also designed office equipment, typewriters, and furniture. There Sottsass made his name as a designer who, through colour, form and styling, managed to bring office equipment into the realm of popular culture.<ref name="olivetti">Template:Cite web</ref> His first typewriters, the Tekne 3 and the Praxis 48, were characterized by their sobriety and their angularity.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> With Perry A. King, Sottsass created the Valentine typewriter in 1969 — considered today a milestone in 20th century design<ref name="olivetti" /> and featured in the Museum of Modern Art, Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, London's Design Museum as well as the Victoria and Albert Museum.<ref name="collection">Template:Cite web</ref>
While continuing to design for Olivetti in the 1960s, Sottsass developed a range of objects which were expressions of his personal experiences traveling in the United States and India.<ref>Radice, Barbara (1993). Ettore Sottsass: A Critical Biography. London, Thames and Hudson.</ref> These objects included large altar-like ceramic sculptures and his "Superboxes", radical sculptural gestures presented within a context of consumer product, as conceptual statements.<ref name="marres.org">Template:Cite web</ref> Covered in bold and colorful, simulated custom laminates, they were precursors to Memphis, a movement which came more than a decade later.<ref name="studio-international">Template:Cite web</ref> Around this time, Sottsass said: "I didn't want to do any more consumerist products, because it was clear that the consumerist attitude was quite dangerous."<ref name="iconeye">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, his work from the late 1960s to the 1970s was defined by experimental collaborations with younger designers such as Superstudio and Archizoom Associati,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and association with the Radical movement, culminating in the foundation of Memphis at the turn of the decade.
In the early 1970s he designed the modular office equipment collection Synthesis 45.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sottsass and Fernanda Pivano divorced in 1970, and in 1976 Sottsass married Barbara Radice, an art critic and journalist.
When Roberto Olivetti succeeded as head of the company, he named Sottsass artistic director and gave him a high salary, but Sottsass refused. Instead he created the Studio Olivetti independent of Olivetti and became instantly the most creative international centre of design associating research with creation and industrial strategy. His concern that his creativity would have been stifled by corporate work is documented in his 1973 essay When I was a Very Small Boy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1968, the Royal College of Art in London granted Sottsass an honorary doctorate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Memphis Group
With the rise of new groups (Global tools, Archizoom, Superstudio, UFO, Zzigurat, 9999) the handmade style appeared suddenly as the new game for experimentation, a lot of these new groups playing in this new/old path to renew creation.Template:Cn In October 1980, Sottsass was confronted with two proposals, one from Renzo Brugola, a dear old friend and carpenter, telling him his will "to make something together like in the good old times," and the other one from Mario and Brunella Godani, owners of the Design Gallery Milano, who asked him to create "new furniture" for their gallery.Template:Cn
Ettore Sottsass founded the Memphis Group in Milan on 11 December 1980,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> after the Bob Dylan song "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again" played during the group's inaugural meeting. The group was active from 1981 to 1988. The Memphis group was created in a reaction against the status quo. Sottsass centered the group's thinking around "radical, funny, and outrageous"—essentially, disregarding what was considered in "good taste" at that time. Art deco, the color palette of Pop Art and Kitsch theme from the 1950s inspired their work. Colorful laminate and terrazzo were commonly found in their work and incorporated in floors, tables and lamps.
Sottsass also designed his own print. This was a squiggles print also known as Bacterio print. For the print, Sottsass used inspiration from the surface texture and form of a Buddhist temple in Madurai, India, he then abstracted this detail into the squiggles he named Bacterio. This pattern was then used on their furniture designs in as veneers and textiles.
The Memphis Group was a postmodern, collaborative, architecture and design group founded by Sottsass in Milan Italy. The group focused heavily on furniture design with an emphasis on unconventional types. The designers became well known for their bright and bold pieces with clashing colors. At the time, furniture was solely meant to be functional. However, the Memphis Group sought to prove otherwise with their highly decorative pieces. They poked fun at everyday pieces and turned them into works of art. Many criticized and said it was just a trend that wouldn't last. Their unconventional ideas were controversial but have now become widely recognized and appreciated. The work continues to be influential throughout the world and can be seen in the Art Institute of Chicago, the Design Museum in London, The Museum of Modern Art in New York and many others.
Sottsass Associati
As the Memphis movement in the 1980s attracted attention worldwide for its energy and flamboyance, Ettore Sottsass began assembling a major design consultancy, which he named Sottsass Associati. Sottsass Associati was established in 1980 and gave the possibility to build architecture on a substantial scale as well as to design for large international industries. Besides Ettore Sottsass, the other founding members were Aldo Cibic, Marco Marabelli, Matteo Thun and Marco Zanini.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Later, Johanna Grawunder, Marco Susani, James Irvine, and Mike Ryan would also join the firm. In 1985, Sottsass left the Memphis Group to focus on the Associati.
Sottsass Associati, primarily an architectural practice, also designed elaborate stores and showrooms for Esprit, identities for Alessi, exhibitions, interiors, consumer electronics in Japan, and furniture of all kinds. The studio was based on the cultural guidance of Ettore Sottsass and the work conducted by its many young associates, who quite often left to open their own studios. Sottsass Associati is now based in London and Milan and continue to sustain the work, philosophy, and culture of the studio.
The studio works with former members of Memphis as well as with the architect Johanna Grawunder. It works for major companies like Apple, Philips, Siemens, Zanotta, Fiat, Alessi, and also realises the interior design of all the retail shops of Esprit (Esprit Holdings).
Notable achievements in design
- Olivetti ELEA mainframe computer. Won Compasso d'Oro award in 1959
- Valentine typewriter, Olivetti, 1969
- Superbox cabinet, Poltronova, 1966<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- SUMMA 19 electronic calculator, Olivetti. Won Compasso d'Oro award in 1970<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Ultrafragola mirror, Poltronova, 1970
- Tahiti lamp, Memphis, 1981
- Murmansk fruit bowl, Memphis, 1982
- Carlton bookcase, Memphis, 1981
- Malabar bookcase, Memphis, 1981
- Casablanca cabinet, Memphis, 1981
- Enorme phone, 1986
- Miss don't you like caviar chair, 1987
- Apollodoro Gallery, clock on display, seventh event The Hour of Architects, with Michael Graves, Hans Hollei, Arata Isozaki, Paolo Portoghesi, paintings by Paolo Salvati, Rome, 1987
- Memories of China collection, the Gallery Mourmans, 1996
- Mandarin chair, Knoll, 1986
- Glass works for Venini
- Glass works for the CIRVA
- Nuovo Milano – cutlery set designed with assistance of Alberto Gozzi in 1987 for Alessi. Won XVIth Compasso d'Oro award in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Twergi collection, Alessi, 1989 and it sold for 60.000.000Template:Citation needed
- Nine-0 chair for Emeco was Sottsass's final chair design. It was released in 2008, shortly after the designer's death at the age of 90.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Notable achievements in architecture
- Fiorucci store, 1980
- Esprit showroom, Düsseldorf, 1985
- Esprit showroom, Zurich, 1985
- Esprit showroom, Hamburg, 1985
- Building, Marina di Massa, 1985
- Alessi showroom, Milan, 1985
- Wolf house, Ridgway (Colorado), 1985 with Johanna Grawunder
- Zibibbo bar, Fukuoka, 1989
- Olabuenaga house, Maui, 1989 with Johanna Grawunder
- Cei house, Empoli, 1989
- Bischofberger house, Zurich, 1989 with Johanna Grawunder
- Museum of Contemporary Art, Ravenne, 1992
- Ghella house, Roma, 1993
- Green house, London, 1993
- Motoryacht Amazon Express, 1994
- Golf and club resort, Zhaoqing, 1994
- Malpensa Airport, Milan, 1994
- Nanon house, Lanaken, 1995
- Van Impe house, Sint-Lievens-Houtem, 1996 with Johanna Grawunder
- Alitalia waiting room, 1997
- Bird House, Lanaken, 1998 with Johanna Grawunder
- Kelley Residence, Woodside, 2000<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Roppongi Island, Tokyo, 2004
- Sport house, Nanjing, 2004
- Entry Gates of the W. Keith and Janet Kellogg Gallery at the campus of Cal Poly Pomona, 1995
Other works
As an industrial designer, his clients included Fiorucci, Esprit, the Italian furniture company Poltronova, Knoll International, Template:Ill, Alessi, Brondi, and Brionvega.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As an architect, he designed the Mayer-Schwarz Gallery on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California, with its dramatic doorway made of irregular folds and jagged angles, and the home of David M. Kelley, designer of Apple's first computer mouse, in Woodside, California. The interiors of the Malpensa Airport, in Milan, were designed by Sottsass in the late 1990s, but he did not architect the building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the mid-1990s, he designed the sculpture garden and entry gates of the W. Keith and Janet Kellogg Gallery at the campus of Cal Poly Pomona. He collaborated with well-known figures in the architecture and design field, including Aldo Cibic, James Irvine, Matteo Thun.
Sottsass created a vast body of work: furniture, jewelry, ceramics, glass, silver work, lighting, office machine design and buildings. He inspired generations of architects and designers. In 2006 the Los Angeles County Museum of Art held the first major museum survey exhibition of his work in the United States. A retrospective exhibition, Ettore Sottsass: Work in Progress, was held at the Design Museum in London in 2007. In 2009, the Marres Centre for Contemporary Culture in Maastricht presented a re-construction of a Sottsass' exhibition Miljö för en ny planet [Landscape for a new planet], which took place in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm in 1969.<ref name="marres.org" /> In 2017, on the occasion of Sottsass' 100th birthday, the Met Breuer museum in New York City presented the retrospective Ettore Sottsass: Design Radical.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
One of his works—Telefono Enorme, designed with David M. Kelley for Brondi—is part of the MOMA Collection, as well as many drawings. Design objects and drawings by Sottsass are also in the permanent collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Design Museum in London, the Vitra Design Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, the Stedelijk Museum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
In 1999, he was awarded the Sir Misha Black award and was added to the College of Medallists.<ref name="mishablackawards">Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2023, his work was included in the exhibition Mirror Mirror: Reflections on Design at Chatsworth at Chatsworth House.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Publications
- Guia Sambonet, Ettore Sottsass: Movili e Qualche Arredamento (Furniture and A Few Interiors), Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1985
- Hans Höger, Ettore Sottsass Jun.: Designer, Artist, Architect, Wasmuth, Tübingen/Berlin, 1993
- Barbara Radice, Ettore Sottsass: A Critical Biography, Thames & Hudson, 1993
- Francois Barre, Andrea Branzi, etc., Ettore Sottsass, Centre G. Pompidou, Paris, 1994
- Fulvio Ferrari, Ettore Sottsass: tutta la ceramica, Allemandi, Turin, 1996
- Bruno Bischofberger, Ettore Sottsass: Ceramics, Chronicle Books, 1996
- M. Carboni (edited by), Ettore Sottsass e Associati, Rizzoli, Milan, 1999
- M. Carboni (edited by), Ettore Sottsass: Esercizi di Viaggio, Aragno, Turin, 2001
- M. Carboni e B. Radice (edited by), Ettore Sottsass: Scritti, Neri Pozza Editore, Milan, 2002
- M. Carboni e B. Radice (edited by), Metafore, Skirà Editore, Milan, 2002
- M. Carboni (edited by), Sottsass: fotografie, Electa, Naples, 2004
- M. Carboni (edited by), Sottsass 700 disegni, Skirà Editore, Milan, 2005
- M. Carboni (edited by), Sottsass '60/'70, Editions HYX, Orléans, France, 2006
- Ronald T. Labaco and Dennis P. Doordan, Ettore Sottsass: Architect and Designer, Los Angeles County Museum of Art/Merrell, London/New York, 2006
- Sally Schöne, Ettore Sottsass: auch der Turm von Babel war aus gabrannter Erde (and tower of Babel was also made of terracotta), Wienand, 2011
- Philippe Thomé, Ettore Sottsass, Phaidon, New York, 2014 Template:ISBN
- Barbara Radice, Ettore Sottsass: There is a Planet, catalogue for exhibition at Triennale Design Museum, Electa, 2016
- Francesca Zanella, Ettore Sottsass: Catalogo ragionato dell'archivio 1922–1978 CSAC/Università di Parma, Silvana, Milan, 2017
- Fulvio Ferrari, Sottsass: 1000 Ceramics, AdArte s.r.l., 2017
- Luca Massimo Barbero, Pasquale Gagliardi, Marino Barovier, etc., Ettore Sottsass: The Glass, Skira/Rizzoli, Milan, 2017
- Gean Moreno, Ettore Sottsass and the Social Factory, Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, 2020 Template:ISBN
Popular culture
Alex, the lead character in Stanley Kubrick's film, A Clockwork Orange uses an Olivetti Valentine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The design also appeared in the 2007 André Téchiné film The Witnesses.<ref name="witnesses">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2016, David Bowie's Valentine sold at a Sotheby's auction in London for £45,000, against a presale estimate of £300–£500.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
External links
- Sottsass Associati
- Sottsass design collection and other Memphis design
- A conversation with designer Ettore Sottsass, television interview with Charlie Rose, 29 November 2004, video.
- Ettore Sottsass. Existential Design, published by Hans Höger in domusWeb, Milan 2005.
- The Life and Times of Ettore Sottsass
- Jennifer Kabat on Ettore Sottsass
- STORIES OF HOUSES: Ernest Mourmans' House in Belgium, by Ettore Sottsass
- Hans Höger on Ettore Sottsass: Existential Design, DomusWeb, April 2005.
- Olivetti official site Template:Webarchive
- Obituary in The Times, 2 January 2008
- Design Museum Collection
- Cooper Hewitt Collection
- Information and pictures about the designer Ettore Sottsass Junior at the design agency TAGWERC Template:In lang