Eulipotyphla

Eulipotyphla (Template:IPAc-en, from eu- + Lipotyphla, meaning truly lacking blind gut;<ref name="Ohl 2018">Template:Cite book</ref> sometimes called true insectivores<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>) is an order of mammals comprising the families Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures), Solenodontidae (solenodons), Talpidae (moles, shrew-like moles and desmans), and Soricidae (true shrews).

Taxonomic history

Historically, these animals were grouped with others such as treeshrews, elephant shrews, and colugos, under the broader category Insectivora, comprising all small insect-eating placental mammals. Wilhelm Peters identified two sub-groups of Insectivora, distinguished by the presence or absence of a cecum in the large intestine.<ref name="Douady2002">Template:Cite journal</ref> In his 1866 Generelle morphologie der organismen, Ernst Haeckel named these groups Menotyphla and Lipotyphla,<ref name="Douady2002" /> respectively from μένω ("remain")/λείπω ("lack" or "leave behind") + τυφλὸν literally "blind", as in τυφλὸν ἔντερον ("blind intestine", from which the Latin intestinum caecum derives as a calque).<ref name="Ohl 2018"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since the late 1990s, molecular studies have produced evidence that the Lipotyphla are not a monophyletic group. This led to tenrecs, otter shrews, and golden moles being placed in a new order (Afrosoricida, in the superorder Afrotheria), with the remaining members of Lipotyphla being reclassified as Eulipotyphla.<ref name="Douady2002" /><ref name="Roca2004">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Bininda-Emonds2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A 2023 study suggested that the order began to diversify prior to the K-Pg extinction, based on molecular clock estimates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Classification

File:Talpa europaea MHNT.jpg

European mole (Talpidae)

File:Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg

European hedgehog (Erinaceidae)

File:Sorex-araneus.jpg

Common shrew (Soricidae)

File:Hispaniolan Solenodon crop.jpg

Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodontidae); solenodons are estimated to have diverged from other extant eulipotyphlans in the Late Cretaceous.<ref name = "Lazaro2018">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Grigorev2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>

• Order Eulipotyphla (= 'Lipotyphla' - Afrosoricida = 'Erinaceomorpha' + 'Soricomorpha')
  • Family Erinaceidae<ref name="Kim2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
    • Subfamily Galericinae: gymnures or moonrats
  • Family Soricidae<ref name="Dubey2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
    • Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
    • Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
  • Family Talpidae<ref name="He2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Subfamily Talpinae: Old World moles and desmans
    • Subfamily Scalopinae: New World moles
    • Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew-like moles
  • Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
  • † Family Nesophontidae: extinct West Indian shrews
  • † Family Amphilemuridae
  • † Family Nyctitheriidae
  • † Family Plesiosoricidae

Family-level cladogram of modern eulipotyphlan relationships, following Roca et al. and Brace et al.:<ref name="Roca2004"/><ref name="Brace2016" />

The upper and lower basal subclades within the tree are the suborders Solenodonota and Erinaceota, respectively.<ref name="Brace2016" /> These two branches are estimated to have split ~72–74 million years (Ma) ago.<ref name="Brace2016">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Lazaro2018" /><ref name="Grigorev2018" /> The Nesophontidae and Solenodontidae are thought to have separated roughly 57 Ma ago.<ref name="Brace2016" /> Split times for talpids vs. soricids plus erinaceids, and for soricids vs. erinaceids, have been estimated at 69 Ma and 64 Ma ago, respectively.<ref name="Springer2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>