Eurotiomycetes

Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina,<ref name="Eriksson & Winka 1997"/> currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life.<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> It is the third largest lichenized class, with more than 1200 lichen species that are mostly bitunicate in the formation of asci.<ref name="OneThousandGenera"/> It contains most of the fungi previously known morphologically as "Plectomycetes".<ref name="Eurotiomycetes">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Systematics and phylogeny

Internal relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes was circumscribed in 1997 by Swedish mycologists Ove Erik Eriksson and Katarina Winka. At that time it only contained the order Eurotiales,<ref name="Eriksson & Winka 1997"/> which together with the next order added, Onygenales, form a monophyletic group comprising most of the fungi in "Plectomycetes", a group no longer in use that unified fungi under exclusively morphological characteristics.<ref name="Eurotiomycetes"/>

As more orders were added to Eurotiomycetes, the first two along with Arachnomycetales became constrained to the first subclass, Eurotiomycetidae. In 2001, the second subclass, Chaetothyriomycetidae, was erected to accommodate Chaetothyriales and its sister group Verrucariales, as well as Pyrenulales since 2004. These two remain as the major subclasses of Eurotiomycetes.<ref name="Eurotiomycetes"/>

The remaining subclasses were created through more phylogenetic analyses to accommodate outlying taxa or newly discovered groups: Mycocaliciomycetidae in 2007,<ref name="HigherFungi2007">Template:Cite journal</ref> Coryneliomycetidae<ref name="Coryneliomycetidae">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Sclerococcomycetidae in 2016,<ref name="Sclerococcomycetidae">Template:Cite journal</ref> and lastly Cryptocaliciomycetidae in 2021.<ref name="Cryptocaliciomycetidae">Template:Cite journal</ref> The following cladogram shows the relationships between all Eurotiomycetes orders and monotypic subclasses as of 2021:<ref name="Sclerococcomycetidae"/><ref name="Cryptocaliciomycetidae"/> Template:Clade

External relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes forms a clade with Lecanoromycetes, the largest lichenized class of fungi.<ref name="OneThousandGenera">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Taxonomy

As of 2022, the taxonomy of Eurotiomycetes recognizes 5 subclasses, 10 orders, 34 families and 289 valid genera.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/> The families are listed here followed by the number of genera.

Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Template:Small<ref name="Doweld 2001"/>

Order Chaetothyriales Template:Small

Family Chaetothyriaceae Template:Small – 19 genera

Family Coccodiniaceae Template:Small – 4 genera

Family Cyphellophoraceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Family Epibryaceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Herpotrichiellaceae Template:Small – 17 genera

Family Lyrommataceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Microtheliopsidaceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Paracladophialophoraceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Pyrenotrichaceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Family Trichomeriaceae Template:Small (=Strelitzianaceae Template:Small) – 9 genera

Chaetothyriales incertae sedis – 11 genera

Order Phaeomoniellales Template:Small

Family Celotheliaceae Template:Small (=Phaeomoniellaceae Template:Small) – 11 genera

Order Pyrenulales Template:Small

Family Pyrenulaceae Template:Small – 12 genera

Pyrenulales incertae sedis – 2 genera

Order Verrucariales Template:Small

Family Adelococcaceae Template:Small – 3 genera

Family Sarcopyreniaceae Template:Small – 1 genera

Family Verrucariaceae Template:Small – 52 genera

Verrucariales incertae sedis – 4 genera

Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis

Family Rhynchostomataceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae Template:Small<ref name="Cryptocaliciomycetidae"/>

Order Cryptocaliciales Template:Small

Family Cryptocaliciaceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Subclass Coryneliomycetidae Template:Small<ref name="Coryneliomycetidae" />

Order Coryneliales Template:Small

Family Coryneliaceae Template:Small – 8 genera

Family Eremascaceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Subclass Eurotiomycetidae Template:Small

Order Arachnomycetales Template:Small

Family Arachnomycetaceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Order Eurotiales Template:Small

Family Aspergillaceae Template:Small (=Monascaceae Template:Small) – 14 genera

Family Elaphomycetaceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Family Penicillaginaceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Thermoascaceae Template:Small – 2 genera

Family Trichocomaceae Template:Small – 9 genera

Order Onygenales Template:Small

Family Ajellomycetaceae Template:Small – 7 genera

Family Arthrodermataceae Template:Small – 11 genera

Family Ascosphaeraceae Template:Small – 3 genera

Family Gymnoascaceae Template:Small – 11 genera

Family Nannizziopsidaceae Template:Small – 1 genus

Family Onygenaceae Template:Small – 34 genera

Family Spiromastigaceae Template:Small – 4 genera

Onygenales incertae sedis – 3 genera

Eurotiomycetidae incertae sedis – 5 genera

Subclass Mycocaliciomycetidae Template:Small<ref name="HigherFungi2007"/>

Order Mycocaliciales Template:Small<ref name="Hibbett et al. 2007"/>

Family Mycocaliciaceae Template:Small (=Sphinctrinaceae Template:Small) – 7 genera

Subclass Sclerococcomycetidae Template:Small<ref name="Sclerococcomycetidae"/>

Order Sclerococcales Template:Small

Family Dactylosporaceae Template:Small (=Sclerococcaceae Template:Small) – 7 genera

Only one genus, Neocladophialophora, remains incertae sedis within the class.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2022"/>

Nomenclature

The scientific classification for this particular class is particularly tricky, with one particular species having both the anamorph (asexual form), and teleomorph (sexual form) names used in reference to them.

• e.g. anamorph form = Penicillium; teleomorph form = Talaromyces or Eupenicillium.<ref name=Gunde_Cimerman_2006/>

Morphology

Many members (Eurotiales, Onygenales) produce an enclosed structure cleistothecium within which they produce their spores.

External links

• Outline of Ascomycota - 2007