Famotidine

Famotidine, sold under the brand name Pepcid among others, is a histamine H₂ receptor antagonist medication that decreases stomach acid production.<ref name="AHFS2019">Template:Cite web</ref> It is used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.<ref name=AHFS2019/> It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.<ref name=AHFS2019/> It begins working within an hour.<ref name=AHFS2019/>

Common side effects include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and dizziness.<ref name=AHFS2019/> Serious side effects may include pneumonia and seizures.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name=BNF76/> Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied, while use during breastfeeding is not recommended.<ref name=Preg2019>Template:Cite web</ref>

Famotidine was patented in 1979 and came into medical use in 1985.<ref name="Fischer-2006">Template:Cite book</ref> It is available as a generic medication.<ref name=BNF76>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2023, it was the 33rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16Template:Nbspmillion prescriptions.<ref name="Top300Drugs">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Medical uses

• Heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach
• Treatment for gastric and duodenal ulcers
• Treatment for pathologic gastrointestinal hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and multiple endocrine adenomas
• Treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Treatment for esophagitis
• Part of a multidrug regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication, although omeprazole may be somewhat more effective.<ref name="pmid10036954">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid10452673">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid7489931">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid14708410">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid15106408">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid15943841">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Prevention of NSAID-induced peptic ulcers.<ref name="pmid10392669">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid22186979">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Given to surgery patients before operations to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.<ref name="pmid1419452">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid1750602">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid1887750">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pharmacokinetics

Famotidine has a delayed onset of action, beginning after 90 minutes. However, famotidine has a duration of effect of at least Template:Convert. At its peak effect, Template:Convert after administration, famotidine reduces acid secretion by 7.3 mmol per 30 minutes.<ref name="pmid8618369">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Side effects

The most common side effects associated with famotidine use include headache, dizziness, and constipation or diarrhea.<ref name="RxList-Common-Side">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="webmd-Drug-Medications">Template:Cite web</ref>

Famotidine may contribute to QT prolongation,<ref name="pmid23675554">Template:Cite journal</ref> particularly when used with other QT-elongating drugs, or in people with poor kidney function.<ref name="pmid15135720">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mechanism of action

Binding affinities<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Target	Ki	Activity
H2	~14 nMTemplate:Verification needed	Selective antagonist
H1	>10 μMTemplate:Verification needed	Negligible
H3	>10 μMTemplate:Verification needed	Negligible

Activation of H₂ receptors located on parietal cells stimulates proton pumps to secrete acid into the stomach lumen. Famotidine, an H₂ antagonist, blocks the action of histamine on the parietal cells, ultimately reducing acid secretion into the stomach.

Interactions

Unlike cimetidine, the first H₂ antagonist, famotidine has a minimal effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and does not appear to interact with as many drugs as other medications in its class. Some exceptions include antiretrovirals such as atazanavir, chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin, and antifungal medications such as itraconazole.<ref name="pmid21770762">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid33394214">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid8117350">Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

Famotidine was developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co.<ref name="US-patent-4283408">Template:US patent reference</ref> It was licensed in the mid-1980s by Merck & Co.<ref name="Skyscape Mediwire-2002">Template:Cite web</ref> and is marketed by a joint venture between Merck and Johnson & Johnson. The imidazole ring of cimetidine was replaced with a 2-guanidinothiazole ring. Famotidine proved to be nine times more potent than ranitidine, and thirty-two times more potent than cimetidine.<ref name="pmid2857672">Template:Cite journal</ref>

It was first marketed in 1981. Pepcid RPD orally disintegrating tablets were released in 1999. Generic preparations became available in 2001, e.g. Fluxid (Schwarz) or Quamatel (Gedeon Richter Ltd.).

In the United States and Canada, a product called Pepcid Complete, which combines famotidine with an antacid in a chewable tablet to relieve the symptoms of excess stomach acid quickly, is available. In the UK, this product was known as PepcidTwo until its discontinuation in April 2015.<ref name="PepcidTwo-Chewable-Tablet">Template:Cite web</ref>

Famotidine has poor bioavailibility (50%) due to its low solubility in the high pH of the intestines. Researchers are developing formulations that use gastroretentive drug delivery systems such as floating tablets to increase bioavailability by promoting local delivery (directly into the stomach wall) of these drugs to receptors in the parietal cell membrane.<ref name="Farmavita.Net-2008">Template:Cite web</ref>

Society and culture

Certain preparations of famotidine are available over-the-counter (OTC) in various countries. In the United States and Canada, 10 mg and 20 mg tablets, sometimes in combination with an antacid,<ref name="Pepcid-Complete">Pepcid Complete</ref><ref name="Medline-Plus-Famotidine">Template:Cite web</ref> are available OTC. Larger doses still require a prescription. Famotidine is generally restricted to prescription only in the United Kingdom,<ref name="NICE listing famotidine">Template:Cite web</ref> although the medication is legally allowed to be sold OTC to persons aged over 16 in supplies lasting no more than a fortnight.<ref name="NICE famotidine">Template:Cite web</ref>

Formulations of famotidine in combination with ibuprofen were marketed by Horizon Pharma under the trade name Duexis.<ref name="Drugs.com-Duexis">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

Research

COVID-19

At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, some doctors observed that anecdotally some hospitalized patients in China may have had better outcomes on famotidine than other patients who were not taking famotidine. This led to hypotheses about use of famotidine in treatment of COVID-19.<ref name="Borrell-2020">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid33833683"> Template:Cite journal</ref> Famotidine was considered a possible treatment for COVID-19 due to its potential anti-inflammatory effects. It was thought that famotidine could modify lung inflammation caused by coronaviruses. However, studies have shown that famotidine is not effective in reducing mortality or improving recovery in COVID-19 patients.<ref name="pmid36462586">Template:Cite journal</ref> Famotidine primarily works by blocking the effects of histamine and has some potential mechanisms of action that may contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties, including the inhibition of the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6.<ref name="pmid37399740"/><ref name="pmid35578169"/> Another hypothesis was that famotidine might activate the vagus nerve inflammatory reflex to attenuate cytokine storm.<ref name="pmid35578169">Template:Cite journal</ref> Yet another hypothesis was that famotidine can reduce the activation of mast cells and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators, therefore acting as a mast cell stabilizer.<ref name="pmid37529714">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid37399740">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, while famotidine may have some anti-inflammatory effects, there is currently insufficient evidence to support its use for treating inflammation associated with COVID-19.<ref name="pmid36462586" /> Therefore, it is not recommended for this purpose.<ref name="pmid35397357">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Other

Small-scale studies have shown inconsistent and inconclusive evidence of efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.<ref name="Famotidine-Augmentation-in-Schizophrenia:-Hope-or-Hype?">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Veterinary uses

Famotidine is given to dogs and cats with acid reflux.<ref name="PetMD-Famotidine">Template:Cite web</ref>