Fanny Blankers-Koen

Francina Elsje "Fanny" Blankers-Koen (Template:IPA; 26 April 1918Template:Dash25 January 2004) was a Dutch track and field athlete, best known for winning four gold medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. She competed there as a 30-year-old mother of two, earning her the nickname "the Flying Housewife", and was the most successful athlete at the event.<ref name="guardianolysrs"/>

Having started competing in athletics in 1935, she took part in the 1936 Summer Olympics a year later. Although international competition was stopped by World War II, Blankers-Koen set several world records during that period, in events as diverse as the long jump, the high jump, and sprint and hurdling events.

Apart from her four Olympic titles, she won five European titles and 58 Dutch championships, and set or tied 12 world records – the last, in the pentathlon, in 1951 aged 33. She retired from athletics in 1955, after which she became captain of the Dutch female track and field team. In 1999, she was voted "Female Athlete of the Century" by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). Her Olympic victories are credited with helping to eliminate the belief that age and motherhood were barriers to success in women's sport.<ref name="guardianolysrs"/>

Early life

Fanny Koen was born on 26 April 1918 in Lage Vuursche (near Baarn) to Arnoldus and Helena Koen. Her father was a government official who competed in the shot put and discus.<ref name="indyobit"/> She had five brothers.<ref name="indyobit"/> As a teenager, she enjoyed tennis, swimming, gymnastics, ice skating, fencing and running. Standing Template:Convert, she was a natural athlete. It soon became clear she had a talent for sports, but she could not decide which sport to pick. A swimming coach advised her to concentrate on running because there were already several top swimmers in the Netherlands at that time (such as Rie Mastenbroek), and she would have a better chance to qualify for the Olympics in a track event.Template:Citation needed

Her first appearance in the sport was in 1935, aged 17.<ref name="bbcprofile">Template:Cite news</ref> Her first competition was a disappointment, but in her third race, she set a national record in the 800 m. Fanny Koen soon made the Dutch team, although as a sprinter, not a middle-distance runner. At that time, 800 m was generally considered too physically demanding for female contestants and had been removed from the Olympic programme after 1928.<ref name="guardianolysrs"/><ref name="indyobit"/> The following year, her coach and future husband, Jan Blankers, a former Olympic triple-jumper who had participated in the 1928 Olympics, encouraged her to enter the trials for the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.<ref name="bbcprofile"/> At eighteen years old, she was selected to compete in the high jump and the 4 × 100 m relay.Template:Citation needed

At the Berlin Olympics, the high jump and the 4 × 100 m relay competitions were held on the same day. In the high jump, she took fifth place (shared with two other jumpers), while the Dutch relay team came in fifth in the final (the sixth team in the final, Germany, was disqualified).<ref name="iaaf"/> She also obtained the autograph of American athlete Jesse Owens; it became her most treasured possession.<ref name="indyobit"/><ref name="observer">Template:Cite news</ref>

Slowly, Koen rose to the top. In 1938, she ran her first world record (11.0 seconds in the 100 yards), and she also won her first international medals. At the European Championships in Vienna, she won the bronze in both the 100 and 200 m,<ref name=r1/> which were both won by Stanisława Walasiewicz. Many observers, and Koen herself, expected her to do well at the upcoming Olympics, which were due to be held in Helsinki in July 1940.Template:Citation needed

However, the outbreak of World War II put a stop to the preparations. The Olympics were formally cancelled on 2 May 1940, a week before the Netherlands was invaded.Template:Citation needed

World War II

Fanny with her husband Jan Blankers after the war in 1948.

Just prior to the invasion, Koen had become engaged, and on 29 August 1940, she married Jan Blankers (who was fifteen years her senior), thereupon changing her name to Blankers-Koen. Blankers was then a sports journalist and the coach of the Dutch women's athletics team, even though he originally thought women should not compete in sports – not an unusual opinion at the time. However, his attitude toward female athletes changed after he fell in love with Koen.<ref name= "Een koningin met mannenbenen">Template:Cite book</ref>

When Blankers-Koen gave birth to her first child, Jan Junior, in 1942,<ref>Mason, Nick (26 January 2004). Fanny Blankers-Koen . The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref> Dutch media automatically assumed her career would be over.<ref name="Een koningin met mannenbenen"/> Top female athletes who were married were rare at the time, and it was considered inconceivable that a mother would be an athlete. Blankers-Koen resumed training only weeks after their son's birth.<ref>Time-Life The Olympics: Moments That Changed History. Time-Life. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref>

During the war, domestic competition in sports continued in the German-occupied Netherlands, and Blankers-Koen set six new world records between 1942 and 1944.<ref name="guardianolysrs">Template:Cite news</ref> The first came in 1942, when she improved the world mark in the 80 m hurdles. The following year, she did even better. First, she improved the high jump record by an unequalled 5 cm from 1.66 m to 1.71 m in a specially arranged competition in Amsterdam on 30 May.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Then, she tied the 100 m world record, but this was never recognised officially, as she competed against men when setting the record. She closed out the season with a new world record in the long jump, 6.25 m on 19 September 1943. The latter record would stand until 1954.<ref name=iaaf2>Template:Cite web</ref>

Circumstances were not easy, and it became harder to get enough food, especially for an athlete in training. Despite this, Blankers-Koen managed to break the Template:Convert world record in May 1944. At the same meet, she ran with the relay team that broke the 4 × Template:Convert world record. The German press was excited, as the previous record had been set by an English team. Months later, she helped break the 4 × 200 m record, which was held by Germany. In an act of defiance, the women wore outfits with national symbols while setting the record.<ref>Fanny Blankers-Koen Template:Webarchive. Sports Reference. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref>

The winter of 1944–45, known as the Hongerwinter (hunger winter), was severe, and there was a serious lack of food, especially in the big cities. She gave birth to a daughter, Fanneke, in 1945 and in contrast to her previous post-birth activities, took seven months off from sport and only undertook limited training.<ref name="guardianolysrs"/>

"The flying housewife"

Blankers-Koen won the 80 m hurdles at the 1947 Dutch Championships in Amsterdam.

The first major international event after the war was the 1946 European Championships, held in Oslo, Norway. The championships were a slight disappointment. In the 100 m semi-finals, held during the high jump final, she fell and failed to qualify for the final. Competing with bruises from the fall, she ended the high jump competition in fourth. The second day was more successful, as she won the 80 m hurdles event, and led the Dutch relay team to victory in the 4 × 100 m.Template:Citation needed

As the leading female athlete in the Netherlands – in 1947 she won national titles in six women's events – Blankers-Koen was assured of a place on the Dutch team for the first post-war Olympics, held in London. After her experience in Oslo, she decided not to take part in all events, but limit herself to four: she dropped the high jump and long jump to concentrate on the 100 m, the 200 m, the 80 m hurdles, and the 4 × 100 m relay (competition rules also prevented an athlete from competing in more than three individual track and field events<ref name="indyobit">Obituary Template:Webarchive, The Independent, 27 January 2004. Retrieved on 5 February 2007 </ref>).

Although she displayed her form two months before the Games by beating her own 80 m hurdles world record – one of the six world records that she held at that time<ref name="bbcprofile"/> – some journalists questioned her, suggesting 30 years was too old for a woman to be an athlete. The British athletics team's manager, Jack Crump, opined that she was "too old to make the grade".<ref name="observer"/> Many in the Netherlands were concerned for the welfare of the family, saying that she should stay at home to look after her children, not compete in athletics events.<ref name="observer"/><ref name="bbcobit"/>

Blankers winning the 100 m final at the 1948 Summer Olympics

Her first competition was the 100 m, and she qualified easily for the semi-finals, in which she set the fastest time. The final (2 August) was held on a muddy track and in rainy conditions. Blankers-Koen sped to the finish line in 11.9, easily beating her opponents Dorothy Manley and Shirley Strickland, who took second and third.Template:Citation needed

Fanny Blankers-Koen thereby became the first Dutch athlete to win an Olympic title in athletics, but she was more concerned with her next event, the 80 m hurdles. Her chief opponent was Maureen Gardner, also coached by Blankers-Koen's husband<ref name="iaaf"/> and who had equalled Blankers-Koen's world record prior to the Games, and would be running for her home crowd. Both athletes made the final, in which Blankers-Koen got off to a bad start (she would later claim she thought there had been a false start).<ref name= "Een koningin met mannenbenen"/>

She picked up the pace quickly, but was unable to shake off Gardner, who kept close until the finish line, and the two finished almost simultaneously. When the British national anthem was played, the crowd in Wembley Stadium cheered, and Blankers-Koen briefly thought she had been beaten. However, the anthem was played in honour of the British royal family, which entered the stadium at that time. Examination of the finish photo clearly showed that not Gardner, but Blankers-Koen had won, although both received the same time (11.2 seconds).Template:Citation needed

In spite of her successes, Blankers-Koen nearly failed to start in the semi-finals of the 200 m, held the day after the hurdles final. Shortly before the semi-final, she broke down because of homesickness.<ref name="williamson">Template:Cite news</ref> After a long talk with her husband, she decided to run anyway, and qualified for the final with great ease. The final, on 6 August, was again held in the pouring rain, but Blankers-Koen completed the inaugural Olympic 200 m for women in 24.4, seven-tenths of a second ahead of runner-up Audrey Williamson – still the largest margin of victory in an Olympic 200 m final. Audrey Patterson placed in third, thereby becoming the first African American woman to win an Olympic medal.Template:Citation needed

Blankers-Koen's arrival in Amsterdam after the 1948 London Olympics.

The 4 × 100 m final was held on the final day of the track and field competitions. The Dutch team, consisting of Xenia Stad-de Jong, Netti Witziers-Timmer, Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs and Blankers-Koen, qualified for the final, but just before the final, Blankers-Koen was missing. She had gone out to shop for a raincoat, and arrived just in time for the race. As the last runner, she took over the baton in third place, some five meters behind the Australian and Canadian runners. In spite of a careful and slow exchange, she caught up with the leaders, crossing the line a tenth of a second before the Australian woman. In hindsight, the Dutch team should have been disqualified because the third runner crossed the line on the inside.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref>

Fanny Blankers-Koen won four of the nine women's events at the 1948 Olympics,<ref name="williamson"/> competing in eleven heats and finals in eight days.<ref name="iaaf"/> She was the first woman to win four Olympic gold medals, and achieved the feat in a single Olympics.<ref name="bbcobit">Template:Cite news</ref> Dubbed "the flying housewife",<ref name="bbcprofile"/> "the flying Dutchmam",<ref name="guardianolysrs"/> and "amazing Fanny" by the international press, she was welcomed back home in Amsterdam by an immense crowd.<ref name="observer"/> After a ride through the city, pulled by four white horses, she received a lot of praise and gifts. From the city of Amsterdam, she received a new bicycle:<ref name="observer"/> "to go through life at a slower pace" and "so she need not run so much".<ref name="indyobit"/> Queen Juliana made her a knight of the Order of Orange Nassau.<ref name="indyobit"/>

After London

Now known all over the world, Blankers-Koen received many offers for endorsements, advertisements, publicity stunts, and the like. Because of the strict amateurism rules in force at the time, she had to turn most offers down. However, a fortnight after the 1948 Olympics, she entertained 35,000 spectators by equalling her 100 m world record of 10.8 seconds on Lansdowne Road's "heavy grass track".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Also, in 1949, she travelled abroad to promote women's athletics, flying to Australia and the United States.<ref>Marjorie Jackson-Nelson (1931–) AO MBE. Athletics Australia. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref><ref>Fanny Blankers-Koen In Usa (1949). British Pathe. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref>

Blankers-Koen had been chosen the 1948 Helms Athletic Foundation World Trophy Winner for Europe, and in 1949 she travelled to Los Angeles to compete in the Los Angeles Coliseum Relays.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news </ref>

Blankers-Koen (right) with Foekje Dillema in 1950.

In 1950, a controversial episode involving one of Blankers-Koen's competitors occurred. A year earlier, a new Dutch sprint talent, Foekje Dillema had made her breakthrough. In 1950, she broke the national record in the 200 m, and some journalists already dubbed her as the "new Fanny". That year, Dillema was the first subject of the International Association of Athletics Federations's mandatory sex verification policy and was subjected to a "sex test", the details of which were never revealed.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref> As a result, she was expelled by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation from athletics for the rest of her life and the 200 m record she took from Blankers-Koen was erased.<ref name="auto"/> Dillema, who never spoke publicly on the subject, died in December 2007.<ref name="Een koningin met mannenbenen"/>

After the death of Dillema, a forensic test on body cells obtained from her clothing found that there was a Y-chromosome in Dillema's DNA, which indicated she was possibly a genetic mosaic or a true hermaphrodite. Most of the other women on the team at the time suspect it was an attempt by Blankers and Blankers-Koen to eliminate an opponent, although this has never been confirmed.<ref name="Een koningin met mannenbenen"/>

The same year, Blankers-Koen almost repeated her Olympic performance at the European Championships in Brussels. She won the titles in the 100 m, 200 m and 80 m hurdles, all with large margins of victory (four-tenths of a second or more), but narrowly missed out on a fourth win in the relay, which was won by the British team.Template:Citation needed

At age 34, she took part in her third Olympics, which were held in Helsinki.<ref name="bbcobit"/> Although she was in good physical condition, she was severely hampered by a skin boil. She qualified for the 100 m semi-finals, but forfeited a start to save herself for the hurdles race. She reached the final in that event, but after knocking over the second hurdle, she abandoned the race. It was her last major competition. On 7 August 1955, Fanny Blankers-Koen was victorious for the last time, winning the national title in the shot put, her 58th Dutch title.Template:Citation needed

Later life

Blankers-Koen (right) with Jopie Troost at the 1960 Olympics.

After her athletic career, Blankers-Koen served as the team leader of the Dutch athletics team, from the 1958 European Championships to the 1968 Summer Olympics.Template:Citation needed

In 1977, Blankers-Koen's husband Jan died. Some years after his death, she moved back to her old hometown of Hoofddorp. In 1981, the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games, an international athletics event, were established. They are still held annually in Hengelo.Template:Citation needed

Blankers-Koen's last moment of glory came in 1999. At a gala in Monaco, organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), she was declared the "Female Athlete of the Century".<ref name="bbcprofile"/> She was very surprised to have won, audibly asking "You mean it is me who has won?"<ref name="indyobit"/><ref name="iaaf">Template:Cite web</ref>

In the years prior to her death, Blankers-Koen suffered from Alzheimer's disease and lived in a psychiatric nursing home. She was also deaf.<ref name="observer"/> She died at age 85 in Hoofddorp on 25 January 2004.Template:Citation needed

A year before her death, the first biography of Blankers-Koen was published, Een koningin met mannenbenen (A Queen with Men's Legs) by journalist Kees Kooman.<ref name="Een koningin met mannenbenen"/> Through many interviews with relatives, friends and contemporary athletes, it paints a previously unknown picture of her. During her successful years, Dutch and international media portrayed her as the perfect mother (hence her nickname "the flying housewife"), who was modest about her own achievements.<ref name="vliegende huisvrouw">Template:Cite web</ref> Kooman's book portrays Blankers-Koen in a different light, as a woman who found it difficult to show affection and who was driven by a desire to win.<ref name="vliegende huisvrouw"/> Blankers-Koen had previously written an autobiography in 1949 with help from her husband.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Her personal record on the 100 m of 11.5 remained the Amsterdam club record of Phanos for 62 years. It was finally broken in May 2010 by Jamile Samuel.<ref>Amsterdam And AthleticsTemplate:Dead link. Amsterdam. Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref>

Awards and tributes

1954 statue of Blankers-Koen in Rotterdam.

2007 statue of Blankers-Koen in Hengelo.

Blankers-Koen received the following recognition:Template:Citation needed

• Sauer Cup (Dutch Athlete of the Year): 1937, 1940, 1943
• Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year: 1948
• Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau: 1949
• Medal of the NOC*NSP: 1949
• Royal Dutch Athletics Federation honorary member: 1949
• IAAF Female Athlete of the 20th Century: 1999
• IAAF Hall of Fame: 2012

The Fanny Blankers-Koen Carrièreprijs was created by NOC*NSF to honour the achievements of Dutch sportspeople and was first given on 9 December 2005. For its inauguration, five people were awarded the prize. Since then, the award has been given to an individual annually.<ref>Fanny Blankers-Koen Carrièreprijs voor Van Gennip. NOS (20 December 2017). Retrieved 26 April 2018.</ref>

She was among the women included in the 1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, a dictionary of biography covering 1001 important Dutchwomen.<ref>Kloek, Els: 1001 vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, Vantilt, Nijmegen, 2013</ref> In a 2004 national poll, Blankers-Koen ranked 29th for De Grootste Nederlander (The Greatest Netherlander); she was the third highest sportsperson (after footballers Johan Cruyff and Marco van Basten) and the seventh highest woman in the poll.Template:Citation needed

Two public statues of her have been erected in the Netherlands: the first was made by Han Rehm and placed in Rotterdam in 1954 and the second, made by Antoinette Ruiter, was placed on 9 May 2007 in Hengelo. Also in 2007, a text was installed on the fence of the sportspark at Olympiaplein in Amsterdam declaring "Hier trainde Fanny Blankers-Koen" ("Fanny Blankers-Koen trained here").Template:Citation needed

Several locations have been named in her honour, including Blankers-Koen Park in Newington, New South Wales, the location of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Village, a fire station in Amsterdam (Fanny Blankers-Koenkazerne), a multisport stadium in Hengelo (Fanny Blankers-Koen Stadium), a sports park in Almere (FBK-sportpark), and a sports hall in Hoofddorp where she lived (Fanny Blankers-Koen hal).Template:Citation needed

Blankers-Koen was honoured with a Google Doodle on 26 April 2018, on her 100th birthday.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal bests

Individual events

Event	Performance	Date	Location	Notes
100 yd	10.6 s	5 July 1952	Wassenaar	Template:AthAbbr
100 m	11.5 s	16 June 1948	Amsterdam	Template:AthAbbr 1948–1952 Template:AthAbbr 1948–1969
200 m	23.9 s	22 September 1952	Antwerp	Template:AthAbbr 1952–1967
220 yd	24.2 s	29 June 1950	Brescia	Template:AthAbbr 1950–1954
800 m	2.29.0 s	22 September 1935	Amsterdam	Template:AthAbbr 1935–1953
80 m hurdles	11.0 s	20 June 1948	Amsterdam	Template:AthAbbr 1948–1952 Template:AthAbbr 1948–1963
Long jump	6.25 m	19 September 1943	Leiden	Template:AthAbbr 1943–1954 Template:AthAbbr 1943–1960
High jump	1.71 m	30 May 1943	Amsterdam	Template:AthAbbr 1943–1951 Template:AthAbbr 1943–1966
Pentathlon	4692 pts	15–16 September 1951	Amsterdam	Template:AthAbbr 1951–1953 Template:AthAbbr 1951–1968

National records

Event	Performance	Date	Location
800 m	2:29.0	22 September 1935	Amsterdam
4 × 100 m club team	51.0	14 June 1936	Rijswijk
10 × 100 m club team	2:12.6	14 June 1936	Rijswijk
4 × 100 m club team	50.3	27 June 1936	Amsterdam
Relay race (200–100–80–60 m)	59.2	12 July 1936	Haarlem
4 × 100 m national team	48.4	8 August 1936	Berlin
4 × 100 m club team	50.1	6 September 1936	Amsterdam
80 m	10.0	29 August 1937	Doetinchem
100 yd	11.2	29 August 1937	Doetinchem
Pentathlon	335 pts	12 September 1937	Rotterdam
100 yd	11.0	19 June 1938	Amsterdam
60 m	7.5	31 July 1938	Amsterdam
Long jump	5.80 m	3 June 1939	Mitcham, London
Long jump	5.97 m	30 July 1939	Berlin
100 m	11.9	20 August 1939	Amsterdam
100 m	11.7	26 July 1942	Eindhoven
Long jump	6.00 m	26 July 1942	Eindhoven
80 m hurdles	11.7	13 September 1942	Leiden
80 m hurdles	11.3	20 September 1942	Amsterdam
High jump	1.71 m	30 May 1943	Amsterdam
200 m	24.5	27 June 1943	Rotterdam
Long jump	6.08 m	4 July 1943	Amsterdam
Pentathlon	339 pts	28–29 August 1943	Amsterdam
Long jump	6.25 m	19 September 1943	Leiden
100 yd	10.8	18 May 1944	Amsterdam
4 × 110 yd nat team	48.8	18 May 1944	Amsterdam
4 × 200 m nat team	1:41.0	27 August 1944	Hilversum
4 × 100 m national team	47.8	25 August 1946	Oslo
200 m	24.2	25 April 1948	Lyon
100 m	11.5 †	13 June 1948	Amsterdam
4 × 100 m national team	47.7	13 June 1948	Amsterdam
80 m hurdles	11.0	20 June 1948	Amsterdam
4 × 100 m national team	47.5	25 July 1948	Rijswijk
4 × 100 m national team	47.4	25 July 1948	Rijswijk
4 × 110 yd nat team	47.4	25 July 1948	Rijswijk
100 yd	10.8	27 August 1948	Dublin
4 × 200 m club team	1.46.6	4 June 1950	Amsterdam
200 m	24.1	22 July 1950	Rotterdam
4 × 100 m club team	48.2	6 August 1950	Amsterdam
200 m	24.0	27 August 1950	Brussels
4 × 100 m national team	47.4	27 August 1950	Brussels
Pentathlon	4692 pts	15–16 September 1951	Amsterdam
10 × 100 m club team	2:04.1	1 July 1952	Amsterdam
100 yd	10.6	5 July 1952	The Hague
200 m	23.9 †	23 September 1952	Antwerp
4 × 200 m club team	1:41.2	26 July 1953	Amsterdam

• † Blankers-Koen ran national record times of 11.4 and 23.7 seconds for the 100 m and 200 m, respectively, at the 1952 Dutch Athletics Championships. However, these records were later rescinded after it was shown that the collapse of a nearby railway track had caused the running track to be excessively downhill.Template:Citation needed

Competition results

International competitions

Information from her World Athletics profile unless noted otherwise.<ref>"Fanny Blankers-Koen", World Athletics. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</ref>

1936	Olympic Games	Berlin, Germany	6th	High jump	1.55 m
			5th	4 × 100 m	48.8 Template:AthAbbr
1938	European Championships	Vienna, Austria	3rd	100 m	12.0 Template:AthAbbr
			3rd	200 m	24.9 Template:AthAbbr
1946	European Championships	Oslo, Norway	– (Template:AthAbbr)	100 m	Template:AthAbbr
			4th	High jump	1.57 m
			1st	80 m hurdles	11.8 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	4 × 100 m	47.8 Template:AthAbbr
1948	Olympic Games	London, United Kingdom	1st	100 m	11.9 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	80 m hurdles	11.2 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	200 m	24.4 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	4 × 100 m	47.5 Template:AthAbbr
1950	European Championships	Brussels, Belgium	1st	100 m	11.7 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	80 m hurdles	11.1 Template:AthAbbr
			1st	200 m	24.0 Template:AthAbbr
			2nd	4 × 100 m	47.4 Template:AthAbbr
1952	Olympic Games	Helsinki, Finland	– (Template:AthAbbr)	100 m	Template:AthAbbr
			– (final)	80 m hurdles	Template:AthAbbr

National titles

Dutch Athletics Championships

Event	Year(s)
100 m	1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952
200 m	1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952
80 m hurdles	1940, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954
High jump	1936, 1937, 1939, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
Long jump	1939, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951
Shot put	1947, 1955
Pentathlon	1937

Bibliography

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External links

• Template:Sports links