Fifth Dynasty of Egypt

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Infobox Former Country Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists The Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty V) is often combined with Dynasties III, IV and VI under the group title the Old Kingdom. The Fifth Dynasty pharaohs reigned for around 150 years, from the early 25th century BC until the mid 24th century BC.

Chronology

The Fifth Dynasty of Egypt is a group of nine kings ruling Egypt for around 150 years in the 25th and 24th centuries BC.Template:Efn The relative succession of kings is not entirely secured as there are contradictions between historical sources and archaeological evidence regarding the reign of the shadowy Shepseskare.

Rulers

Known rulers in the Fifth Dynasty are listed below.Template:Sfn Manetho assigns 248 years of rule to the Fifth Dynasty; however, the pharaohs of this dynasty more probably ruled for around 150 years.Template:Sfn This estimate varies by both scholar and source. The Horus namesTemplate:Sfn and most names of the queensTemplate:Sfn are taken from Dodson and Hilton.Template:Sfn

Dynasty V monarchs
Nomen (personal name) Prenomen (throne name) Horus-name Image Reign Pyramid Spouse(s)
Userkaf Irimaat File:By ovedc - Egyptian Museum (Cairo) - 046 (cropped).jpg c. 2498 – c. 2491 BC Pyramid of Userkaf
Sahure Nebkhau File:King Sahure and a Nome God MET DP-1691-04 (cropped).jpg c. 2491 – c. 2477 BC Pyramid of Sahure Meretnebty
Kakai Neferirkare Userkhau File:Neferirkare Kakai 2.png c. 2477 – c. 2460 BC Pyramid of Neferirkare Khentkaus II
Isi Neferefre Neferkhau File:Neferefre 2.jpg c. 2460 – c. 2458 BC Unfinished Pyramid of Neferefre
Netjeruser Shepseskare Sekhemkhau File:Shepseskare Cylinder Seal.png Around a few months, c. 2458 BC
Ini Nyuserre Setibtawy File:Niuserre Double Statue.jpg c. 2458 - c. 2422 BC Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini Reptynub
Kaiu Menkauhor Menkhau File:Menkauhor CG 40.jpg c. 2422 - c. 2414 BC
Isesi Djedkare Djedkhau File:Part of a door jamb showing the cartouche of Djedkare Isesi. From the Sun Temple of Nyuserre Ini at Abu Gurob, Egypt. c. 2430 BCE. Neues Museum.jpg c. 2414 - c. 2375 BC Pyramid of Djedkare Isesi
Unas Wadjtawy File:King unas of egypt being suckled by a unknown goddess.jpg c. 2375 - c. 2345 BC Pyramid of Unas Nebet
Khenut

Manetho writes that the Dynasty V kings ruled from Elephantine, but archeologists have found evidence clearly showing that their palaces were still located at Ineb-hedj ("White Walls").

As before, expeditions were sent to Wadi Maghareh and Wadi Kharit in the Sinai to mine for turquoise and copper, and to quarries northwest of Abu Simbel for gneiss. Trade expeditions were sent south to Punt to obtain malachite, myrrh, and electrum, and archeological finds at Byblos attest to diplomatic expeditions sent to that Phoenician city. Finds bearing the names of several Dynasty V kings at the site of Dorak, near the Sea of Marmara, may be evidence of trade but remain a mystery.

Userkaf

How Pharaoh Userkaf founded this dynasty is not known for certain. The Westcar Papyrus, which was written during the Middle Kingdom, tells a story of how king Khufu of Dynasty IV was given a prophecy that triplets born to the wife of the priest of Ra in Sakhbu would overthrow him and his heirs, and how he attempted to put these children – named Userkaf, Sahure, and Neferirkare – to death; however in recent years, scholars have recognized this story to be at best a legend and admit their ignorance over how the transition from one dynasty to another transpired.

During this dynasty, Egyptian religion made several important changes. The earliest known copies of funerary prayers inscribed on royal tombs (known as the Pyramid Texts) appear. The cult of the god Ra gains added importance, and kings from Userkaf through Menkauhor Kaiu built temples dedicated to Ra at or near Abusir. Then late in this dynasty, the cult of the deity Osiris assumes importance, most notably in the inscriptions found in the tomb of Unas.

Djedkare Isesi

Amongst non-royal Egyptians of this time, Ptahhotep, vizier to Djedkare Isesi, won fame for his wisdom; The Maxims of Ptahhotep was ascribed to him by its later copyists. Non-royal tombs were also decorated with inscriptions, like the royal ones, but instead of prayers or incantations, biographies of the deceased were written on the walls.

Comparison of regnal lists

The ancient kings lists are in broad agreement on the order of the kings of this dynasty, though some kings were omitted on certain lists. The Turin King List is today in a fragmentary state and names and reign lengths are missing for some parts of this dynasty. While Shepseskare's reign is placed before Neferefre on these lists, Egyptologists today believe he reigned briefly after Neferefre rather than before him.

Historical Pharaoh Abydos King List Saqqara Tablet Turin King List<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> Manetho<ref name="Manetho2">Template:Cite web</ref> Reign Years
Turin List<ref name=":1" /> Manetho<ref name="Manetho2" />
Userkaf Userkaf Userkaf [User]kaf Ouserkheres 7 28
Sahure Sahure Sahure Name lost Sephres 12 13
Neferirkare Kakai Kakai Neferirkare Name lost Nepherkheres Lost 20
Shepseskare – Shepseskare Name lost Sisires 7 7
Neferefre Neferefre Khaneferre Name lost Kheres Lost 20
Nyuserre Ini Nyuserre – Name lost Rhathoures 10+ 44
Menkauhor Kaiu Menkauhor Menkauhor Menkauhor Menkheres 8 9
Djedkare Isesi Djedkare Maatkare Djedu Tankheres 28 44
Unas Unis Unis Unis Onnos 30 33

Fifth Dynasty timeline

<timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = justify

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-2494 till:-2338 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:30 start:-2494 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:-2494

Colors = 

 id:canvas      value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
 id:PA   value:green
 id:GP   value:red
 id:eon    value:rgb(1,0.7,1)   # light purple

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData = 

 barset:Rulers

PlotData= 

 width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
 barset:Rulers

 from: -2494 till: -2487 color:PA text:"Userkaf"
 from: -2487 till: -2474 color:PA text:"Sahure"
 from: -2474 till: -2454 color:PA text:"Neferirkare"
 from: -2454 till: -2452 color:PA text:"Neferefre"
 from: -2452 till: -2451 color:PA text:"Shepseskare
 from: -2451 till: -2415 color:PA text:"Nyuserre"
 from: -2415 till: -2407 color:PA text:"Menkauhor"
 from: -2407 till: -2368 color:PA text:"Djedkare"
 from: -2368 till: -2338 color:PA text:"Unas"

 barset:skip

</timeline>

Template:Commons category

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

Template:S-start Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end Template:Pharaohs

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt&oldid=630726"