This file is in the public domain because it is a mere mechanical scan or photocopy of a public domain original, or – from the available evidence – is so similar to such a scan or photocopy that no copyright protection can be expected to arise. The original itself is in the public domain for the following reason:

Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse

This work is in the public domain both in the United States and in Brazil because: Is a general work (book, magazine, journal, report etc.) and It was first published in Brazil (and not published in the U.S. within 30 days) and It was in the public domain in Brazil on the URAA date (January 1, 1996) because Its author died before January 1, 1936. The current Brazilian copyright law is Lei 9610/1998: Art. 41 specifies 70 years of protection after author death, both for published or posthumous works. The effective law at URAA date was Lei 5988/1973, with Art. 42 setting 60 years of protection after author death, both for published or posthumous works. See also the explanations on Non-U.S. copyrights. Notes: for photo, video or sound reproductions, you should use the {{PD-BR-1937}} or {{PD-Brazil-media}} tag instead. For general works with anonymous or pseudonymous creators you should use the {{PD-BR-URAAanon}} tag instead.

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This tag is designed for use where there may be a need to assert that any enhancements (eg brightness, contrast, colour-matching, sharpening) are in themselves insufficiently creative to generate a new copyright. It can be used where it is unknown whether any enhancements have been made, as well as when the enhancements are clear but insufficient. For known raw unenhanced scans you can use an appropriate {{PD-old}} tag instead. For usage, see Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag.

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Note: This tag applies to scans and photocopies only. For photographs of public domain originals taken from afar, {{PD-Art}} may be applicable. See Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag.