Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

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The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (Template:Zh) are the official foreign relations principles of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The principles were first mentioned in the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement. Also known as Panchsheel (Template:Langx),<ref name=":5" /> these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements, including in the preamble to the country's constitution in 1978.<ref name=":7" />

Principles

The Five Principles, as stated in the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement, are:<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref>

  1. mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
  2. mutual non aggression,
  3. mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
  4. equality and co-operation for mutual benefit, and
  5. peaceful co-existence

These principles are a strict interpretation of the Westphalian norms of state sovereignty.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Reference page Since its inclusion in the Five Principles, China has emphasized non-interventionism as major principle of its foreign policy.<ref name="Meng">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

History

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong first articulated the concept behind the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence at the proclamation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949, where he said the new Chinese government would engage with anyone that agreed to "the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and mutual respect for territorial sovereignty".<ref name=":7" />

According to V. V. Paranjpe, an Indian diplomat and expert on China, the principles of Panchsheel were first publicly formulated by Zhou Enlai — "While receiving the Indian delegation to the Tibetan trade talks on Dec. 31, 1953 [...] he enunciated them as "five principles governing China's relations with foreign countries."<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> Then in a joint statement in Delhi on 18 June 1954,<ref name=":2" /> the principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Premier Zhou Enlai in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing. Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."<ref>Nehru, "The Colombo Powers' Peace Efforts", broadcast from Colombo 2 May 1954, Jawaharlal Nehru's and Mr Sanju from Poojapura, Speeches, vol. 3, March 1953–August 1957 (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958), p. 253.</ref> It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state. In June 1945 Sukarno, the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or pancasila, on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.<ref>Henri Grimal, Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963, trans. Stephan de Vos, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, pp. 190 and 209-12.</ref>

In 1954, after engaging in similar talks with the Burmese government, the three countries agreed to change the fourth point from "mutual gain" to "mutual benefit". The first point was changed from "mutual respect for territorial sovereignty" to "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity" in 1955.<ref name=":7" /> The five principles were incorporated in modified form in a statement of Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (known as Dasasila Bandung) issued in April 1955 at the historic Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world. "A resolution on peaceful co-existence jointly presented by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden was unanimously adopted in 1957 by the United Nations General Assembly".<ref>Somnath Ghosh. India's Place in the World: From Panchsheel to RCEP Template:Webarchive. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies. Retrieved on 10 November 2020.</ref> The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement, established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.<ref name="Mohan">Template:Cite web</ref>

China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.<ref name="50anniv">Template:Cite news</ref> It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and what China calls South Tibet and India Arunachal Pradesh. The 28 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.<ref>The 8-year provision is in Article 6 of the Agreement.</ref> When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the Sino-Indian War broke out between the two sides.

In 1979, when Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then India's Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister, went to China, the word Panchsheel, found its way into the conversation during talks with the Chinese.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> On the 50th anniversary of the treaty, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, said that "a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" should be built.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Also in 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao said,<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>

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Deng Xiaoping championed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He emphasized that China should follow the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in managing its foreign relations with countries that were organized according to different political beliefs and social systems.<ref name=":ChineseTheory">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

In June 2014, Vice President of India Hamid Ansari was welcomed by China into the Great Hall of the People in Beijing for the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing Panchsheel Treaty.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2017, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping said that "China is ready to work with India to seek guidance from the five principles of Panchsheel".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other contexts

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are Chinese political norms articulated in other contexts as well. In 1982, Hu Yaobang's report to the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party stated, "China adheres to an independent foreign policy and develops relationships with other countries under the guidance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Reference page According to the view stated by Hu in this report, "China will never be dependent on any big country or group of countries, nor will it yield to the pressure of any big country [...] The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence apply to our relations with all countries, including socialist countries."<ref name=":8" />Template:Reference page

These principles are also part of the discourse in China-Pakistan relations.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Reference page In a speech to Pakistani parliament in 1999, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress Li Peng stated, "China has all along pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and established and developed relations with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."<ref name=":6" />Template:Reference page The principles were codified in the April 2005 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations signed during a visit by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Pakistan.<ref name=":6" />Template:Reference page

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the fundamental political norms underlying the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF) and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).<ref name="Murphy 2022 59"/>Template:Reference page

Since the 2011 NATO intervention in Libya, China has more strongly advocated for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />Template:Reference page

China's United Nations Security Council voting behavior reflects its commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />Template:Reference page From 1991 to 2020, the vast majority of China's abstentions and all of its vetoes have occurred on issues that involve territorial integrity, primarily sanctions and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />Template:Reference page In her analysis of China's Security Council voting behavior, Professor Dawn C. Murphy concludes, "These votes directly correspond to China's promotion of the Five Principles, especially the principles of mutual respect for territory and sovereignty and mutual noninterference in the internal affairs of other states."<ref name="Murphy 2022 59" />Template:Reference page

Commentary and criticism

Bhimrao Ambedkar said of the treaty in the Rajya Sabha "I am indeed surprised that our Hon'ble Prime Minister is taking this Panchsheel seriously [...] you must be knowing that Panchsheel is one of the significant parts of the Buddha Dharma. If Shri Mao had even an iota of faith in Panchsheel, he would have treated the Buddhists in his country in a different manner."<ref name=":0">LL Mehrotra (2000). India’s Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options Template:Webarchive. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> In 1958, Acharya Kriplani had said the Panchsheel was "born in sin" because it was set forth with the destruction of a nation; India had approved of ancient Tibet's destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, Zhao Gancheng, a Chinese scholar said that on the surface Panchsheel seemed very superficial; but under the general secretaryship of Xi Jinping, it has become relevant again.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, Ram Madhav wrote a piece in the Indian Express titled, "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception" and said that if India and China decide to move on from the Panchsheel framework, it will benefit both countries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

List of documents containing the five principles

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=Template:AmboxTemplate:Main other }}

China

  • Preamble to the Constitution of China<ref name=":3" />

China and Afghanistan

  • Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Boundary Treaty, 1963<ref name=":4" />

China and Burma

  • Joint Statement, June 20, 1954<ref name=":4" />
  • Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
  • Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
  • Boundary Treaty, 1960<ref name=":4" />

China and Cambodia

  • Joint Statement, 1958<ref name=":4" />
  • Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
  • Joint Communique, 1960<ref name=":4" />

China and India

China and Nepal

  • Agreement on the normalisation of diplomatic relations, 1955<ref name=":4" />
  • Treaty between the PRC and the Kingdom of Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
  • Agreement on Economic Assistance to Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
  • Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
  • Treaty of peace and friendship, 1960<ref name=":4" />
  • Boundary Treaty, 1961<ref name=":4" />

China and Pakistan

  • Boundary Agreement, 1963 (Ten principles)<ref name=":4" />
  • Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations, 2005<ref name=":6" />

China and Russia

  • The Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Promotion of International Law, 25 June 2016<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

References

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Further reading

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