Flag of California
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox flag
The flag of California, known as the Bear Flag, is the official flag of the U.S. state of California.<ref name="csl-h-c" /> The precursor of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was also known as the Bear Flag. A predecessor, called the Lone Star Flag, was used in an 1836 independence movement;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> the red star element from that flag appears in the Bear Flag of today.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Current flag
Law and protocol
The 1911 statute stated: Template:Blockquote
In 1953, the design and specifications for the state flag were standardized in a bill signed by Governor Earl Warren and illustrated by Donald Graeme Kelley of Marin County, California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Californian state flag is often called the "Bear Flag" and in fact, the present statute adopting the flag, California Government Code § 420, states: "The Bear Flag is the State Flag of California."
Pursuant to Section 439 of the California Government Code, the regulations and protocols for the proper display of the flag of California is controlled by the California Adjutant General: Template:Blockquote
When the flag is displayed vertically, it is rotated 90 degrees clockwise such that the bear and star face upward and red stripe is on the left.<ref name="caguard">Template:Cite web</ref>
The flag is also used as the state ensign.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Design
The first official version of the Bear Flag was adopted by the California State Legislature and signed into law by Governor Hiram Johnson in 1911 as the official state flag.<ref name="csl-9-6">Template:Cite book</ref>
The contemporary state flag is white with a wide red strip along the bottom. There is a red star in the upper left corner and a California grizzly bear facing left (toward the hoist) in the center, walking on a patch of green grass. The size of the bear is two-thirds the size of the hoist width and has a ratio of 2 by 1. The grass plot has a ratio of 11 to 1.<ref name="csl-h-c">Template:Cite web</ref> The five-point star is taken from the California Lone Star Flag of 1836.<ref name="caguard" /> The hoist of the flag is two-thirds the fly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The bear on one 1911 version of the flag is claimed to have been modeled on the last California grizzly bear in captivity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The bear, named "Monarch", was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allan Kelly, at the behest of William Randolph Hearst.<ref>Template:Cite web
Template:Cite book</ref> The bear was subsequently moved to Woodwards Gardens in San Francisco, and then to the zoo at Golden Gate Park. After the bear's death in 1911, it was mounted and preserved at the Academy of Sciences at Golden Gate Park.<ref name=":10">Template:Cite book</ref>
While the bear flag was adopted in 1911, until 1953 the image of the bear varied depending on the flag manufacturer. In 1953 the bear image was standardized by Donald Greame Kelley,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> he based it off the 1855 watercolor by Charles Christian Nahl.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref> The 1953 law includes an official black and white rendering of the bear as well as the plot of grass and brown tufts. This drawing and other specifications that define the flag's colors and dimensions are identified as "54-J-03".<ref name="law">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Californian flag is one of two U.S. state flags to depict a bear, along with Missouri.
In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, U.S. territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the flag of California 13th out of 50 U.S. states, and the best flag that contains words, specifically the state's name.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref>
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Metrics for the flag of California
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The accepted official rendering of the bear
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"Monarch" the bear
Colors
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The 1953 legislation defined the exact shades of the California flag with a total of five colors (including the white field) relative to the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America (now called the Standard Color Reference of America).<ref name="law" /> It is one of only four US state flags not to include the color blue, along with Alabama, Maryland, and New Mexico.
| Color | Cable no.<ref name="law" /> | Pantone<ref name="caguard" /> | Web color<ref name=":14">Template:Cite web</ref> | RGB values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Color box White | 70001 | Safe | #FFFFFF
|
(255,255,255) |
| Template:Color box Old Glory Red | 70180 | 200 | #BA0C2F
|
(186,12,47) |
| Template:Color box Maple Sugar | 70129 | 729C | #B58150
|
(181,129,80) |
| Template:Color box Seal | 70108 | 462C | #5C462B
|
(92,70,43) |
| Template:Color box Irish Green | 70168 | 348 | #00843D
|
(0,132,61) |
- Seal is used for the dark shading of the bear, the 12 darker tufts in the plot of grass, the border of the plot and the lettering "CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC".
- Maple Sugar is the base color for the bear.
- Old Glory Red is used for the star, the bear's tongue and the red stripe at the bottom of the flag.
- Irish Green is used for the grass plot.
- The bear's claws are also accented with white. The left front and rear paws have four white claws while the right rear claw displays three. The front right paw does not contain highlighting.
History
Flag of Moctezuma
In 1823 the Spanish left California and all of the land was given to Mexico. Soon many of the locals felt neglected by the new government. In 1827 Governor José María de Echeandía proposed to change the name of the province from Alta California to Moctezuma, after the Aztec emperor Moctezuma I. He said that they should lower the Mexican flag and raised a new flag to show support for independence. The flag was described as: "...a white field with a blue oval in the center, with an Indian inside wearing a feathered headdress and carrying a bow and a quiver of arrows, stepping across the Bering Strait...The Oval would be supported by an olive tree...and a oak tree..." The moment ended when Mexico approved their Territorial Deputation.<ref>Rosie & the Bear Flag, p.4</ref>
Lone Star of California
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In 1836, a coup led by Juan Alvarado declared Alta California's independence from Mexico. Alvarado declared himself governor of the territory and raised a banner with the inscription: "FEDERATION OR DEATH."<ref>Rosie, p.5-6</ref> Alvarado soon recruited U.S. frontiersmen led by Isaac Graham, to support him. The rebels easily captured the capital Monterey, but were unable to convince southern leaders such as Juan Bandini and Carlos Antonio Carrillo to join the rebellion. Faced with a civil war, Alvarado and the other Californios negotiated a compromise with the central government wherein California's leaders accepted its status as a "department" under the "Siete Leyes" Mexican constitution of 1836, in return for more local control. Alvarado was appointed governor the next year.
The Lone Star Flag of California, associated with Alvarado's rebellion, contained a single red star on a white background.<ref name="caguard" /> It was raised on December 18, 1836.<ref>Rosie, p.7</ref> One last original flag is archived at the Autry National Center.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite news</ref>
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In January 1837 a small army led by Alvarado was heading through the town of Santa Barbara when he got the idea of making a flag. He ordered his men to bring him a Mexican flag and in the white stripe he wrote "Independence for California." The flag was given to Father Duran of the local Mission to be bless. A year later it was carried by Alvarado's men in the Battle of San Buenaventura and raised over the Mission after the affair.<ref>Rosie, p.8-11</ref> During the Battle of San Juan Capistrano Captain Salvador Vallejo carried with him a massive white flag with a large red scroll with the inscription: "IF OUR ENEMIES DO NOT SURRENDER, I SHALL HAVE THEM BEHEADED!"<ref>Rosie, p. 12-13</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Original Bear Flag
The original grizzly bear flag was created by Peter Storm. A version of this bear flag, designed by William L. Todd, was raised in Sonoma, California, in June 1846 on a date between the 14th and the 17th,<ref name=":16">Template:Cite web</ref> by the men who became known as the "Bear Flaggers", including William B. Ide.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite web</ref> The exact creation date is at least somewhat unclear. However, U.S. Naval Lieutenant John Missroon reported the flag's existence as of June 17, 1846.<ref name=":18">Template:Cite web</ref>
William L. Todd was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link
Template:Cite bookTemplate:Dead link</ref> According to the book Flags Over California, published by the California Military Department, the star on the flag recalled the 1836 California Lone Star Flag. Todd, in an 1878 letter to the Los Angeles Express, states that the star was drawn using blackberry juice and in recognition of the California Lone Star Flag. The bear was designed to be a symbol of strength and unyielding resistance.<ref name="caguard" />
According to the Sonoma State Historic Park, the construction of the flag was described as such:
The original Bear Flag and the republic it symbolized had a brief career, from about June 14 until July 9.<ref name="MJDCMM" /> On July 7, 1846, Commodore John Drake Sloat of the United States Navy's Pacific Squadron first raised the 28-star American flag at Monterey, the capital of Alta California, and claimed the territory for the United States.<ref name="MJDCMM">Template:Cite web</ref>
Two days later, on July 9, 1846, Navy Lieutenant Joseph Warren Revere arrived in Sonoma and hauled down the Bear Flag, running up in its place the Stars and Stripes. The Bear Flag was given to young John E. Montgomery (son of Commander John B. Montgomery of Template:USS), who would later write in a letter to his mother "Cuffy came down growling"—"Cuffy" being his nickname for the bear on the flag.
The Bear Flag given to young Montgomery returned with USS Portsmouth to the east coast of the U.S. in 1848, but in 1855 was returned to California.<ref name="CBFSOS" /> The flag was given to California's two senators, John B. Weller and William M. Gwin. This flag was donated to the Society of California Pioneers on September 8, 1855, and was preserved at the Society's Pioneer Halls in San Francisco until it was destroyed on April 18, 1906, in the fires that followed the great San Francisco earthquake.<ref name="CBFSOS">Template:Cite web</ref> Today, a replica hangs on display in the Sonoma Barracks, or El Presidio de Sonoma. There is also a statue in the plaza at Sonoma, California, commemorating the raising of the flag, the Bear Flag Monument.
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Other Bear Flags
There are many accounts of other bear flags being made during the revolt.<ref name="caguard" /><ref name=":26" /> Each flag has a different design, most with a bear as the central figure either in brown or black. Some having a standing bear while others had it on all fours. Almost all having a star either in purple, red, brown or black.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most of the accounts were made years afters the revolt.
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Digital reconstruction of a early Republic flag<ref>Bancroft. V. p. 147</ref>
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Etching of another Bear flag flown in Sonoma in 1846<ref name=":19">Template:Cite web</ref>
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The Bear Flag Guidon, it was carried by the California Battalion<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by Hubert Howe Bancroft<ref>Bancroft V. p. 148</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by the Sacramento Daily Union<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described by the Sacramento Transcript<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Porterfield's account<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Lindsay's account<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Alexander Todd's account<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag from Bradshaw's account. It was the biggest Bear Flag made during the revolt, measuring around Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert long<ref>Los Angeles Star, 24 August 1861</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the Bear Flag described in the Bettmann Archive<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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A year after the revolt American settlers in Sacramento Valley wanted to celebrate the 4th of July by raising a national flag.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref> The party did not have one, so they started gathering material to make an improvised American flag. It was described as: "...small square of heavy cloth, light blue in color, upon which is pasted a white paper star of eight points, while a piece of paper is pasted along the top bar with the following motto written upon it: " California is ours as long as the stars remain."<ref name=":9">Template:Cite web</ref>
1850s
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On October 18, 1850, the mail steamer Oregon entered the bay with a large streamer flown from her mast. It bore the inscription "CALIFORNIA IS A STATE" with a large 5 pointed star at the end. It also flew an American flag with 31 stars on it, the flag was made in New York.<ref name="California p.30-31">The Story of California & her flags to color, Vol. 2 p.30-31</ref><ref>S.F. Bulletin, February 5, 1869</ref>
On September 9, 1850, San Franciscans celebrated California's admission to the union with a parade. From the flagpole in Portsmouth Square they flew an American flag with one large star that represented the state.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another flag flown to celebrated California's statehood was the first state flag. The flag contained the state seal in the center of its field, with it being painted by William Henry Powell. The whole thing measuring at Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert long.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":23">Template:Cite web</ref>
From 1850-1858 people across the country started flying the American flags with their 31 stars arranged in the "Grand Luminary" pattern.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref> This is when the stars in the canton are arranged to make one big star.<ref name=":8" />
During the 1856 presidential election supporters of Republican nominee Fremont raised a Bear Flag in San Francisco,<ref name=":24">Template:Cite web</ref> also one raised in Marysville but with the names: "Fremont and Dayton," on it.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite web</ref>
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Streamer flown by the Oregon, 1850<ref name="California p.30-31"/>
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31 star American flag flown from the Oregon, 1850<ref name="California p.30-31"/>
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Digital remake of a 31 star American flag with a Grand Luminary star pattern<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital remake of the "Lone Star" flag flown on admission day in San Francisco<ref name=":27">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:FIAV Template:FIAV
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Digital remake of an American flag with a Grand Luminary star pattern and 14 stripes, it flew on admission day<ref name=":28">Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the flag carried by Californios in San Francisco during the admission day parade. Based on a written description<ref name=":30">A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs, by James Miller Guinn, p. 230</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of a unique 31 star American flag with red & yellow stripes, 1851<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the "Lone Star" flag flown in Plumas County on July 4, 1852. It was described by Louise Clappe<ref name=":29">The Shirley letters from California mines in 1851-52, by Louise Clappe, "July 4th, 1852"</ref>
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The Civil War period
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Flag used by California's delegates at the 1860 Republican National Convention<ref>31 STARS ARRANGED IN A RARE VARIATION OF THE GREAT STAR PATTERN, WITH THE WORD "CALIFORNIA" PAINTED IN THE STRIPES, A PRE-CIVIL WAR FLAG, CALIFORNIA STATEHOOD, 1850-1858, PART OF A SERIES OF THESE FLAGS, THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN USED AT THE WIGWAM CONVE</ref>
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Digital reconstruction of the flag carried by California delegates to Washington D.C., 1861 (based on description)<ref>Times Gazette, 6 April 1861</ref>Template:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of bear flag flown by secessionists In Los Angeles, 1861 (based on description)<ref name=":0" />Template:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of the pro-union bear flag that flew in Stockton, 1861 (based on description)<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />Template:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of the 1861 state flag made for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (based on description)<ref name=":3" />Template:FIAVTemplate:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of 1862 state banner that hung in San Francisco (based on description)<ref name=":32">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of and American flag with a unique star pattern. The gold star in the center stands for California, 1861 (based on description)<ref name=":3" />Template:FIAV
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Digital reconstruction of the Pacific Republic flag, 1861 (based on description)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:FIAV
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During the secession crisis and the early part of the American Civil War in 1861, California was divided between supporters of the union and supporters of southern secession. In the months leading up to the war, some opposed to the government in Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County showed support for secession by flying variants of the Bear Flag instead of the Stars and Stripes.<ref name="Tinkham">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp One version of the Bear Flag that was flown on May 29 in Los Angeles was described as "...a deep red flag with a black bear painted on it."<ref name=":0">Daily Alta California, 22 June 1861</ref><ref>Sacramento Daily Union, 24 June 1861</ref> Duncan Beaumont raised a Pacific Republic flag from his boat in the Stockton to show his loyalty to secession. A party of men raised a banner containing a small American flag in the top corner and in the center a huge eagle with a grizzly bear below it.<ref name=":1">History of San Joaquin County, California, by Tinkham, George H. p. 181</ref> It was cut down by a different group of loyal unionists later in the day.<ref name=":4">San Joaquin Republican, 18 January 1861</ref> The group thought it was a sign of disunion, but the day after they raised it in a different part of town to show their support for the Union.<ref name=":5">Daily Alta California, 20 January 1861</ref><ref name=":6">Sacramento Daily Union, 20 March 1861</ref> Soon secessionist across the state started raising other flags to express their sympathy for the Confederacy. These include: Palmetto flags,<ref>Daily Alta California, 20 February 1861</ref><ref name="Nevada Democrat, 20 June 1861">Nevada Democrat, 20 June 1861</ref> 7 stars flags,<ref>Sacramento Daily Union, 12 June 1861</ref> Stars and Bars,<ref name=":7" /> rattlesnake flags,<ref>Sacramento Daily Union 3 May 1861</ref><ref name="Nevada Democrat, 20 June 1861"/> and 15-24 star US flags.<ref>San Joaquin Republican, 14 May 1861</ref><ref>Daily Alta California, 22 October 1864</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Not to be outdone, Unionists raised several flags to show support for the United States. The flags were the Stars and stripes<ref>Marysville Daily Appeal, 19 June 1862</ref> (Sometimes with patriotic mottos),<ref>Sacramento Daily Union, 2 May 1861</ref><ref>Mountain Democrat, 6 July 1861</ref> Union club flags,<ref>Sacramento Daily Union, 25 June 1861</ref> Militia flags,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Daily Alta California, 22 February 1862</ref> German flags,<ref>Marysville Daily Appeal, 23 February 1864</ref><ref>Daily Alta California, 11 March 1864</ref> and Irish flags.<ref>Daily Alta California, 24 February 1861</ref><ref>Marysville Daily Appeal, 18 March 1864</ref><ref>Daily Alta California, 14 October 1864</ref>
During the war, Union soldiers routinely took action against secessionists who ran up Confederate flags in many places, including above the California statehouse in Sacramento, then disappeared before they could be caught.<ref name="Tinkham" /> On July 4, 1861, during U.S. Independence Day celebrations in Sacramento, Democrat and veteran Maj. J. P. Gillis celebrated the independence of the United States from Great Britain and the secession of the Confederacy by unfurling a flag based on the first Confederate flag, the Stars and Bars, but containing seventeen stars rather than the Confederate banner's seven, and marching down the street to the cheers of pro-slavery individuals.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Unionist Jack Biderman denounced Gillis, tore the flag from his hands, and taunted secessionists to try to take the flag back. No one tried. Because Gillis' flag was seized by Jack Biderman, it is referred to either as the "Biderman Flag" or the "Gillis Flag."<ref name=":7">Template:Cite web</ref> The flag is preserved in the state capitol.
The state's regimental flags were outline by Adjutant General William Chauncey Kibbe in [special order, No. 2.]:<ref>Daily Alta California, 2 September 1861</ref>
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In June 1861, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors ordered three flags to be made by Norcross. One of them was based on the first state flag, with the "California Coat of arms" added to its field. It cost $50 ($1,826 adjusted for inflation) to make and was hung in the chamber of the board of supervisors with the other two flags.<ref name=":3">Daily Alta California, 25 June 1861</ref> A year later a banner of similar design was hung in the city, but the seal was encircled by small American flags.<ref name=":32" />
On July 14, 1864, a party under Gen. McDowell took a ship around the Bay Area to inspect the fortifications. The ship, called The Goliah, flew the flag of the United States and a state flag described as "...a body of red with a large circle in the centre, representing the great seal of the State."<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>
1870s–1910s
The flags and banners used to represent the state from late the 19th century and early 20th either bore the state seal or a bear. The flags containing the state seal were mostly used by state officials, like delegates and the National Guard, while the Bear flag was popular with the public and fraternal organizations. With none of the flags ever being officially adopted, but there was a mention a state flag in a 1879 National guard law.<ref name=":33" />
In February 1870, a man named Joseph Neuman produced 2 unique American flags with golden stars. One was for the State Capitol and the other for the National Capitol.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The one for Washington was never given after the bill in the state house failed to raise money for the trip.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They were describe as:
The Bear Flag flown throughout the 1870s was usually a brown bear on a plain white field with no star or stripe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The flag was used by the Native Sons of the Golden West<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and other pioneer organizations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sometimes it was given as a trophy for boat races<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or used as a commodore flag.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1885 the Bear Flag was first officially used to represent state during the Southern Exposition<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and later in 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> California's National Guard carried regimental flags with the state seal on them,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> from 1879 until 1907.<ref name=":33">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 1888 Democratic National Convention delegates from California flew a state banner. It was described as "...large white banner of silk, fringed with gold. The seal of the State occupies the central space, while in each corner is a typical California scene..."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1890 the Admission Day Celebration was being held in San Francisco, with 3 unique flags flown to represent the state. The designs were: "...Two vaqueros lassoing a grizzly bear, the peaks of Mount Shasta showing in the distance....Great seal of California...The north star, with grizzly bear In foreground..."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two years later a Bear Flag was hung in Los Angeles that was similar to the modern state flag.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 14, 1896 Sonoma was celebrating 50th Anniversary of the Bear Flag Revolt. The town decided to raised a duplicate of the original Bear Flag,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which is still in the Sonoma Barracks.
When Spanish-American War started California troops carried two regimental flags, one that contain the state seal and the name of the regiment below.<ref name=":31" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The other was an American flag<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with name of the regiment in the stripes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During the 1904 Republican National Convention, California delegates carried a banner bearing vertical stripes of purple, white and gold.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On top was a white space with the inscription "CALIFORNIA." In the center was a representation of "...industrial California..." and a bear eating grapes. While the backside had a painting of the Sierra Nevada with a river cutting though it.<ref>Santa Cruz Surf, 25 August 1904</ref> In 1909 the USS California was given two flags, one was a Bear Flag and other had the state seal on it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Three years later the last state flag to contain the state seal was carried in a women suffrage parade in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1933 during the 83rd anniversary of California being admitted to the union, a unique Bear Flag was flown. It was a plain red flag with a golden bear in the center.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Flag of the governor
Template:See also The flag of the governor of California consists of the seal of California centered on a field of azure. Like many other U.S. governors' flags, there are four five-point stars at the corners of the field. Template:Clear
In popular culture
The flag of California serves as a basis for the flag of the fictional New California Republic in the popular post-apocalyptic Fallout video-gaming franchise.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Flag of the New California Republic
Gallery
See also
- List of California state symbols
- List of flags by design
- List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia
References
Further reading
External links
- Hubert H. Bancroft's History of California, Vol. V. 1846-1848
- Creation of the Bear Flag. Template:Webarchive
- Flags of the World: California
- The Bear Flag Museum
- William Todd Quote on Bear Flag construction
- Template:Cite web
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