Flores Historiarum
Template:Italic title The Flores Historiarum (Flowers of History) is the name of two different (though related) Latin chronicles by medieval English historians that were created in the 13th century, associated originally with the Abbey of St Albans.
Wendover's Flores Historiarum
The first Flores Historiarum was created by St Albans writer, Roger of Wendover, who carried his chronology from the Creation up to 1235, the year before his death. Roger claims in his preface to have selected "from the books of catholic writers worthy of credit, just as flowers of various colours are gathered from various fields." Hence he also called his work Flores Historiarum. However, like most chronicles, it is now valued not so much for what was culled from previous writers, as for its full and lively narrative of contemporary events from 1215 to 1235,<ref>Volume I, Chapter IX, Section 19 of The Cambridge History of English and American Literature</ref> including the signing of Magna Carta by King John at Runnymede.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The book has survived in one thirteenth-century manuscript in the Bodleian Library (MS Douce 207), a mutilated 14th-century copy in the British Library (Cotton MS Otho B V), and in the version adapted by Matthew Paris which forms the first part of his Chronica Majora (ed. Henry Richards Luard, Rolls Series, seven volumes).<ref>{{#if: |
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The sources brought together in the Flores include Bede, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Sigebert of Gembloux, Florence of Worcester, Simeon of Durham, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Robert de Monte, William of Tyre, Ralph de Diceto, Benedictus Abbas, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph of Coggeshall (to 1194).<ref>Frederic Madden (1866), Historia Anglorum, vol 3, xxiii</ref><ref>F. M. Powicke (1906), Roger of Wendover and the Coggeshall Chronicle, The English Historical Review, 21 (82), pp. 286–296</ref> A detailed list is given by Luard,<ref>Henry Richards Luard (1872, 1874) Matthei Parisiensis Chronica Majora, vol 1 p. xxxiv (to 1066) and vol. 2 p. xiii (to 1216)</ref> who in his running text also marks up the apparent source of each section. From 1201 and through the reign of King John it draws on a source common between it and the Annales Sancti Edmundi later also used by John de Taxster, and also some annals added to the St. Albans copy of Diceto.<ref>Vaughan (1958), Matthew Paris, p. 24</ref>
The date of creation of the earliest nucleus of the compilation has been disputed. The manuscript in the Bodleian Library, written out ca. 1300, contains a marginal note against the annal for 1188 that reads "up to here in Abbot John's chronicle book".<ref>"hic usque in lib. cronic. Johannis abbatis".</ref> Luard took this to mean that there had existed a core of the Flores going up to 1188, the creation of which had been supervised by John of Wallingford at some point during his tenure as abbot of St Albans between 1195 and 1214.<ref>Luard (1874, 1880), Chronica Majora, vol 2 pp.x–xii and vol 7 pp ix–xi</ref> On the other hand, 1188 is also when the first manuscript of Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora concludes, with the end of the reign of Henry II, so an alternative view is that this may have been the chronicle book referred to, which may have been in the possession of a later Abbot John at the turn of the 14th century when the manuscript was written out.<ref>Madden (1866), Historia Anglorum, vol 1, p lxxi; also Powicke (1944), Compilation of the Chronica Majora, Proc. Brit. Acad. 30, 148–9, and Galbraith, Roger Wendover and Matthew Paris, p. 16 and note 1. Both cited by Vaughan (1958), Matthew Paris, p. 23</ref>
Considering the text itself, some of the earlier parts of the work draw heavily on the Historia scholastica (ca. 1173) of Petrus Comestor, a copy of which was not introduced into the monastery until John of Wallingford's abbacy.<ref>Luard (1872), Chronica Majora, vol 1 p. xxxii; British Library, Royal MS 4 D VII (illustrated catalogue Template:Webarchive)</ref> (Though Luard elsewhere notes some differences between the treatment of Comestor and that of some other writers).<ref>Luard (1872), Chronica Majora, vol 1 p. xli</ref> The work of Diceto, which is used throughout the Flores but especially after 1066, was also not copied for the Abbey until 1204.<ref>Felix Liebermann (1888), in Monumenta Germaniae Historica SS 28 pp.7–8, cited in Vaughan, Matthew Paris, p.22; British Library, Royal MS 13 E VI (Illustrated catalogue Template:Webarchive)</ref> In its final form the annal for 1179 contains a reference to the Lateran Council of 1215,<ref>Frederic Madden (1866), Historia Anglorum, vol 3, xxiii</ref> and Vaughan finds that all of the extant manuscripts ultimately descend from a common ancestral exemplar that can be no earlier than 1228.<ref>Vaughan, Matthew Paris, p.28</ref> However, Vaughan does not rule out the possibility that there might have been some earlier compilation used by Wendover,<ref>Vaughan, Matthew Paris, p.23</ref> and finds some evidence for such a compilation, extending perhaps to 1066.<ref>Vaughan, Matthew Paris, pp.96–97</ref>
Paris's Flores Historiarum, and its continuation
The second and more widely distributed Flores Historiarum runs from the creation to 1326 (although some of the earlier manuscripts end at 1306). It was compiled by various persons and quickly acquired contemporary popularity, for it was continued by many hands in many manuscript traditions. Among twenty<ref>According to Reginald L. Poole, reviewing Luard's 1890 edition in The English Historical Review 7 (January 1892):146–150 p. 148.</ref> surviving manuscripts are those compiled at St Benet Holme, Norfolk, continued at Tintern Abbey (Royal Mss 14.c.6); at Norwich (Cottonian Claudius E 8); Rochester (Cottonian Nero D 2); St Paul's, London (Lambeth Mss 1106); St Mary's, Southwark (Bodleian Library, Rawlinson Mss B 177); and at St Augustine's, Canterbury (Harley MS 641).<ref>According to Luard.</ref>
It was written originally at St Albans Abbey and later at Westminster Abbey. The earliest manuscript, the basis for all the various continuations, is conserved in Chetham's Library, Manchester. This manuscript was carried down to 1265, with brief notes and emendations in the hand of Matthew Paris. A continuation carried the chronicle down to 1306; the continuation from 1306 to 1325/26 was compiled at Westminster by Robert of Reading (d. 1325) and another Westminster monk.
The second Flores Historiarum was for many years attributed to a "Matthew of Westminster," who Henry Richards Luard demonstrated was actually Matthew Paris.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Flores Historiarum is markedly opposed to Robert the Bruce. According to the chronicle, after Bruce had had himself crowned king of Scots in the spring of 1306, Lady Elisabeth Bruce tells her husband: "I reckon that you are a summer king; perhaps you won't be a winter one".<ref>John McKinnell Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend 1843840421-p 69 2005 "According to the Flores Historiarum, these were the words of Lady Elisabeth Bruce to her husband Robert after he had had himself crowned king of Scots in the spring of 1306, as part of his campaign to wrest control of ... ... The implication is of a battle between the 'kings' of Summer and Winter43 in which the 'Summer King' is killed, and also that his consort is hostile to him. We have already seen both features in. 19 Ed. Ill, 130; for other 'summer kings', see E. K. Chambers...</ref>
Editions
- Wendover's Flores Historiarum
- Template:In lang Henry Coxe (1841–44): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3, vol 4, Appendix
- John Allen Giles (1849): vol 1, vol 2
- Template:In lang Henry Gay Hewlett, for the Rolls series, (1886–89): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3
- 13th–14th century Flores Historiarum
- Template:In lang Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, from a single manuscript (1567).
- Template:In lang Thomas Marsh, (1570): vol
- C. D. Yonge (2 vols, London, 1853): vol 1 vol 2
- Template:In lang Henry Richards Luard, for the Rolls series, (3 vols, London, 1890): vol 1, vol 2, vol 3
References
Further reading
- Richard Vaughan (1958), Matthew Paris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; in particular pp. 92–109.
- Albert Hollaender (1944), The pictorial work in the Flores Historiarum of the so-called Matthew of Westminster. (Ms. Chetham 6712)
- Judith Collard (2008), Flores Historiarum Manuscripts: The Illumination of a Late Thirteenth-Century Chronicle Series, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte