Ford Foundation

The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Overview"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=wellesley>Template:Cite web</ref> Created in 1936<ref name=dietrich>Template:Cite journal</ref> by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford.<ref name="Overview">Template:Cite web</ref> By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the non-voting shares of the Ford Motor Company; the Ford family retained the voting shares.<ref name=funding>Template:Cite web</ref> Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company.

In 1949, Henry Ford II created Ford Philanthropy, a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. For many years, the foundation's financial endowment was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the wealthiest. For fiscal year 2023, it reported assets of $16.8 billion and expenses of $852 million.<ref name="financials" />

Mission

Template:Progressivism After its establishment in 1936, the Ford Foundation shifted its focus from Michigan philanthropic support to five areas of action. In the 1950 Report of the Study of the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program, the trustees set forth five "areas of action", according to Richard Magat (2012): economic improvements, education, freedom and democracy, human behavior, and world peace.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> These areas of action were identified in a 1949 report by Horace Rowan Gaither.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Since the middle of the 20th century, many of the Ford Foundation's programs have focused on increased under-represented or "minority" group representation in education, science, and policy-making. For over eight decades their mission has decisively advocated and supported the reduction of poverty and injustice, among other values, including the maintenance of democratic values, promoting engagement with other nations, and sustaining human progress and achievement at home and abroad.<ref name=":0" />

The Ford Foundation is one of the primary foundations offering grants that support and maintain diversity in higher education, with fellowships for pre-doctoral, dissertation, and post-doctoral scholarship to increase diverse representation among Native Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and other under-represented Asian and Latino sub-groups throughout the U.S. academic labor market.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The outcomes of scholarship by its grantees from the late 20th century through the 21st century have contributed to substantial data and scholarship, including national surveys such as the Nelson Diversity Surveys in STEM.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>

History

The foundation was established on January 15, 1936,<ref name="Overview" /> in Michigan by Edsel Ford (president of the Ford Motor Company) and two other executives "to receive and administer funds for scientific, educational and charitable purposes, all for the public welfare."<ref name="bak">Template:Cite book</ref> It was a reaction to FDR's 1935 tax reform introducing 70% tax on large inheritances.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During its early years, the foundation operated in Michigan under the leadership of Ford family members and their associates and supported the Henry Ford Hospital and the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, among other organizations.

After the deaths of Edsel Ford in 1943 and Henry Ford in 1947, the presidency of the foundation fell to Edsel's eldest son, Henry Ford II. It quickly became clear that the foundation would become the largest philanthropic organization in the world. The board of trustees then commissioned the Gaither Study Committee to chart the foundation's future. The committee, headed by California attorney H. Rowan Gaither, recommended that the foundation become an international philanthropic organization dedicated to the advancement of human welfare and "urged the foundation to focus on solving humankind's most pressing problems, whatever they might be, rather than work in any particular field". The report was endorsed by the foundation's board of trustees, and in 1953 it voted to move the foundation to New York City.<ref name="Overview" /><ref name="philanthropynews">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At the height of the Cold War, the Ford Foundation was involved in several covert operations. At least one of these involved the Fighting Group Against Inhumanity, a CIA-controlled group based in West Berlin that undertook various missions in the East Zone, including intelligence-gathering and sabotage. In 1950, the U.S. government sought to bolster the Fighting Group's legitimacy as a credible independent organization, so the International Rescue Committee was recruited to act as its advocate. With the support of Eleanor Roosevelt, the Ford Foundation was persuaded to give the Fighting Group a grant of $150,000. A press release announcing the grant pointed to the assistance the Fighting Group gave to "carefully screened" defectors to come to the West. The National Committee for a Free Europe, a CIA proprietary, actually administered the grant.<ref>Chester, Covert Network, pp. 89–94.</ref>

From 1958 to 1965, the Foundation's chairman was John J. McCloy, who in 1942 had founded the Office of Strategic Services, a secretive intelligence agency that became the Central Intelligence Agency.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> McCloy knowingly employed numerous US intelligence agents and, based on the premise that a relationship with the CIA was inevitable, set up a three-person committee responsible for dealing with its requests.<ref name="Saunders 1999">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn The CIA channeled funds through the Ford Foundation as part of its efforts to influence culture.<ref>Petras, James. "The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited" (Archive ). Monthly Review. November 1, 1999. Retrieved on April 18, 2015.</ref><ref name="Troy">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="epstein">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Writer and activist Arundhati Roy has said that the foundation, along with the Rockefeller Foundation, supported imperialist efforts by the U.S. government during the Cold War. For example, Roy wrote that the Ford Foundation's establishment of an economics course at the Indonesian University helped align students with the 1965 coup that installed Suharto as president.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The board of directors decided to diversify the foundation's portfolio and gradually divested itself of its substantial Ford Motor Company stock between 1955 and 1974.<ref name="Overview" /> This divestiture allowed Ford Motor to become a public company. Finally, Henry Ford II resigned from his trustee's role in a surprise move in December 1976. In his resignation letter, he cited his dissatisfaction with the foundation holding on to its old programs, large staff and what he saw as anti-capitalist undertones in the foundation's work.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2019, Henry Ford III was elected to the Foundation's Board of Trustees, becoming the first Ford family member to serve on the board since his grandfather resigned in 1976.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

For many years, the foundation topped annual lists compiled by the Foundation Center of US foundations with the most assets and the highest annual giving. The foundation has fallen a few places in those lists in recent years, especially with the establishment of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2000. As of May 4, 2013, the foundation was second in terms of assets<ref name="statements">Template:Cite web</ref> and tenth in terms of annual grant giving.<ref name="giving">Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2012, the foundation declared that it was not a research library and transferred its archives from New York City to the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York.<ref name="archives">Template:Cite press release</ref>

In 2020, the Ford Foundation issued a bond offering earlier in the year that allowed it to raise $1 billion and thus "substantially increase the amount of money it distributes."<ref name=":02">Template:Cite news</ref>

Grants and initiatives

Media and public broadcasting

In 1951, the foundation made its first grant to support the development of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), then known as National Educational Television (NET), which went on the air in 1952.<ref name="behrens">Template:Cite news</ref> These grants continued, and in 1969 the foundation gave $1 million to the Children's Television Workshop to help create and launch Sesame Street.<ref name="imbd">Template:Cite web</ref>

Fund for Adult Education

Active from 1951 to 1961, this subsidiary of the Ford Foundation supported initiatives in the field of adult education, including educational television and public broadcasting. During its existence, the FAE spent over $47 million.<ref name="edelson" />Template:Rp Among its funding programs were a series of individual awards for people working in adult education to support training and field study experiences.<ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref> The FAE also sponsored conferences on the topic of adult education, including the Bigwin Institute on Community Leadership in 1954 and the Mountain Plains Adult Education Conference in 1957. These conferences were open to academics, community organizers, and members of the public involved in the field of adult education.<ref name="sundayherald">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="deseretnews">Template:Cite news</ref>

In addition to grantmaking to organizations and projects, the FAE established its own programs, including the Test Cities Project and the Experimental Discussion Project.<ref name="edelson">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp The Experimental Discussion Project produced media that was distributed to local organizations to conduct viewing or listening and discussion sessions. Topics covered included international affairs, world cultures, and United States history.<ref name="stpetersburgtimes">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="goldschmidt">Template:Cite book</ref>

Educational theorist Robert Maynard Hutchins helped to found the FAE, and educational television advocate C. Scott Fletcher served as its president.<ref name="edelson" />Template:Rp

Arts and free speech

The foundation underwrote the Fund for the Republic in the 1950s. Throughout the 1950s, the foundation provided arts and humanities fellowships that supported the work of figures like Josef Albers, James Baldwin, Saul Bellow, Herbert Blau, E. E. Cummings, Anthony Hecht, Flannery O'Connor, Jacob Lawrence, Maurice Valency, Robert Lowell, and Margaret Mead. In 1961, Kofi Annan received an educational grant from the foundation to finish his studies at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota.<ref name="annan">Template:Cite web</ref>

Under its "Program for Playwrights", the foundation helped to support writers in professional regional theaters such as San Francisco's Actor's Workshop and offered similar help to Houston's Alley Theatre and Washington's Arena Stage.<ref name="fowler">Template:Cite web</ref>

Reproductive rights

In the 1960s and 1970s, the foundation gave money to government and non-government contraceptive initiatives to support population control, peaking at an estimated $169 million in the last 1960s.<ref>Wooster, Martin. Great Philanthropic Mistakes, second edition (Washington: Hudson Institute, 2010), p. 68–95.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Ford Foundation Annual Report 1964</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The foundation ended most support for contraception programs by the 1970s.

Between 1969 and 1978, the foundation was the biggest funder for research into in vitro fertilisation in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, Louise Brown, born from the technique. The Ford Foundation provided $1,170,194 toward the research.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Law school clinics and civil rights litigation

In 1968, the foundation began disbursing $12 million to persuade law schools to make "law school clinics" part of their curriculum. Clinics were intended to give practical experience in law practice while providing pro bono representation to the poor. Conservative critic Heather Mac Donald contends that the foundation's financial involvement instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy.<ref name="macdonald">Template:Cite news Mac Donald's characterization of clinics as primarily vehicles for leftwing advocacy was disputed in several letters to the editor published two weeks later. See "Letters to the Editor" (25 January 2006). Wall Street Journal. p. A13.</ref>

In the late 1960s and the 1970s, the foundation expanded into civil rights litigation, granting $18 million to civil rights litigation groups.<ref name="CSPCS">Template:Cite web</ref> The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund was incorporated in 1967 with a $2.2 million grant from the foundation.<ref name="CSPCS" /> The same year, the foundation funded the establishment of the Southwest Council of La Raza, the predecessor of the National Council of La Raza.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1972, the foundation provided a three-year $1.2 million grant to the Native American Rights Fund.<ref name="CSPCS" /> The same year, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund opened with funding from numerous organizations, including the foundation.<ref name="CSPCS" /><ref name="latino">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1974, the foundation contributed funds to the Southwest Voter Registration Education Project.<ref name="acosta">Template:Cite web</ref>

New York City public school decentralization

In 1967 and 1968, the foundation provided financial support for decentralization and community control of public schools in New York City. Decentralization in Ocean Hill–Brownsville led to the firing of some white teachers and administrators, which provoked a citywide teachers' strike led by the United Federation of Teachers.<ref name="Podair2001">Template:Cite web</ref>

Ford Foundation Symphony Program

From 1966 through 1976, to encourage the growth and stability of symphony orchestras across the USA and Puerto Rico, the Ford Foundation invested $80.2 million to: (1) improve orchestra artistic quality, (2) strengthen orchestra finances, and (3) raise the income and prestige of the music profession in the U.S.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sixty-one American symphony orchestras participated in the unprecedented ten-year Ford Foundation Symphony Program.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite book</ref> Part of the "Big Bang" of music philanthropy, the Symphony Program represented the single largest gift program ever devised for the arts.<ref name=":13">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Symphony Program infused cash into orchestra budgets throughout the nation resulting in increased orchestra seasons and musician wages.<ref name=":2" /> But many orchestras could not sustain the economic growth provided by the Symphony Program grant.<ref name=":13" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to one author, orchestra managers had to "manufacture" work to sustain the longer season which, in turn, generated "boredom and apathy" among professional symphony musicians.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ford Foundation Fellowship Program

The foundation began awarding postdoctoral fellowships in 1980 to increase the diversity of the nation's academic faculties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1986, the foundation added predoctoral and dissertation fellowships to the program. The foundation awards 130 to 140 fellowships annually, and there are 4,132 living fellows.Template:When The University of California, Berkeley was affiliated with 346 fellows at the time of award, the most of any institution, followed by the University of California, Los Angeles at 205, Harvard University at 191, Stanford University at 190, and Yale University at 175. The 10-campus University of California system accounts for 947 fellows, and the Ivy League is affiliated with 726.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, the foundation announced that it would be sunsetting the program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Infectious diseases

In 1987, the foundation began making grants to fight the AIDS epidemic<ref name="hamilton">Template:Cite web</ref> and in 2010 made grant disbursements totaling $29,512,312.<ref name="concerned">Template:Cite web</ref>

In June 2020, Ford Foundation decided to raise $1 billion through a combination of 30 and 50- year bonds. The main aim was to help nonprofits hit by the pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Impact investing

According to Fast Company in 2018, "Ford spends between $500 million and $550 million a year to support social justice work around the world. But last year, it also pledged to plow up to $1 billion of its overall $12.5 billion endowment over the next decade into impact investing via mission-related investments (MRIs) that generate both financial and social returns."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Former Foundation president Darren Walker wrote in a 2015 New York Times op-ed that the grant-making philanthropy of institutions like the Ford Foundation "must not only be generosity, but justice."<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> Walker added that the Ford Foundation seeks to address "the underlying causes that perpetuate human suffering" to grapple with and intervene in "how and why" inequality persists.<ref name=":1" />

Disability Futures Fellows

In October 2020, Ford Foundation partnered with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to establish the Disability Future Fellowship, awarding $50,000 annually to disabled writers, actors, and directors in the fields of creative arts performance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Creative Futures

During the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020, the Ford Foundation commissioned 40 "provocations" from creatives and thinkers who work in various fields in the arts and culture, including documentary film and journalism.<ref name=fusco>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=ford>Template:Cite web</ref> Written submissions relate to "reimagining of the fundamental ways in which culture and media operate", including funding, place, the future of making art, and novel paradigms, such as a cooperative model of sharing resources.<ref name=ford/>

The pieces written by the contributors have been published by both the Ford Foundation and other organizations, such as the arts magazine Hyperallergic,<ref name=fusco/> the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center,<ref name=smith>Template:Cite web</ref> and the International Documentary Association.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Contributors include Coco Fusco,<ref name=fusco/> Sofía Gallisá, Craig Santos Perez, Chris E. Vargas, Marc Bamuthi Joseph,<ref name=smith/> Aaron Dworkin, and Shaun Leonardo.<ref name=ford/>

America's Cultural Treasures

In 2020, the Ford Foundation launched America's Cultural Treasures, a joint effort with other philanthropists and foundations to pledge over $165 million to help "arts organizations run by people of color" after the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":02" />

Israel and Palestine

In April 2011, the foundation announced that it would cease its funding for programs in Israel as of 2013. It had provided $40 million to nongovernmental organizations in Israel since 2003 exclusively through the New Israel Fund (NIF), in the areas of advancing civil and human rights, helping Arab citizens in Israel gain equality and promoting Israeli-Palestinian peace. The grants from the foundation were roughly a third of NIF's donor-advised giving, which totaled about $15 million a year.<ref name="guttman">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2003, the foundation was critiqued by US news service Jewish Telegraphic Agency, among others, for supporting Palestinian nongovernmental organizations accused of promoting antisemitism at the 2001 World Conference Against Racism. Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Representative Jerrold Nadler, the foundation apologized and then prohibited promotion of "violence, terrorism, bigotry or the destruction of any state" among its grantees. This move itself sparked protest among university provosts and various nonprofit groups on free speech grounds.<ref name="sherman">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

The foundation's partnership with the New Israel Fund (NIF), which began in 2003, was criticized for its choice of mostly progressive grantees and causes. This criticism peaked after the 2001 World Conference Against Racism, where some nongovernmental organizations the foundation funded backed resolutions equating Israeli policies with apartheid. In response, the Ford Foundation tightened its criteria for funding. In 2011, right-wing Israeli politicians and organizations such as NGO Monitor and Im Tirtzu claimed the NIF and other recipients of Ford Foundation grants supported the delegitimization of Israel.<ref name="guttman" />

The Ford Foundation announced in October 2023 that it would no longer provide grants to Alliance for Global Justice, a nonprofit with alleged "Palestinian terrorism ties". "Ford has no plans to support any Alliance for Global Justice projects in the future and it is not eligible for any other funding", a spokeswoman for the foundation said,<ref name="Kaminsky">Template:Cite web</ref> adding, "We will not be funding them in the future".<ref name="Kaminsky" />

Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice

Template:Multiple image Completed in 1968 by the firm of Roche-Dinkeloo, the Ford Foundation Center for Social Justice in New York City (originally the Ford Foundation Building) was the first large-scale architectural building in the country to devote a substantial portion of its space to horticultural pursuits. Its atrium was designed with the notion of having urban greenspace accessible to all and is an example of the application in architecture of environmental psychology.<ref name=barron1997/>

The building, 321 E. 42nd St., was recognized in 1968 by the Architectural Record as "a new kind of urban space". This design concept was used by others for many of the indoor shopping malls and skyscrapers built in subsequent decades. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building a landmark in 1997.<ref name=barron1997>Template:Cite news</ref>

Presidents

• Edsel Ford (founder): 1936–1943
• Henry Ford II: 1943–1950
• Paul G. Hoffman: 1950–1953
• H. Rowan Gaither: 1953–1956
• Henry T. Heald: 1956–1965
• McGeorge Bundy: 1966–1979
• Franklin Thomas: 1979–1996
• Susan Berresford: 1996–2007
• Luis Ubiñas: 2008–2013
• Darren Walker: 2013–2025
• Heather Gerken: 2025–

Source: History of Ford Foundation<ref name=presidents>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Further reading

• Michael Sy Uy, Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music (Oxford University Press, 2020), 270pp.
• Inderjeet Parmar, Foundations of the American Century: The Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller Foundations in the Rise of American Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
• Frances Stonor Saunders (2001), The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, New Press, Template:ISBN. [Aka, Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War 1999, Granta (UK edition)].

° Eric Thomas Chester, Covert Network, Progressives, the International Rescue Committee and the CIA, M. E. Sharpe, 1995, Routledge, 2015.

• Edward H Berman The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy, State University of New York Press, 1983.
• Yves Dezalay and Bryant G Garth, The Internationalization of Palace Wars: lawyers, economists, and the contest to transform Latin American states, Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002.
• Template:Webarchive
• Template:Webarchive
• "Target Ford Template:Webarchive" (2006), by Scott Sherman in The Nation.
• Template:Webarchive, collaboration of the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie Foundations with the Council on Foreign Relations.
• The Ford Foundation and the CIA, a 2001 study by James Petras.
• Napoleon, Davi. Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater.. The Ford Foundation gave the Chelsea Theater a grant in the early 1970s that enabled the theater to do groundbreaking multimedia work. The funding was abruptly halted after three years, an event that along with decreased funding from the National Endowment for the Arts helped precipitate the theater's collapse. This is a history that explores the on-stage and backstage dramas at the Chelsea, with special attention to how theaters are funded.

External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:ProPublicaNonprofitExplorer
• List of grant recipients
• Guide to the Robert Redfield, Ford Foundation Cultural Studies Program Records 1951-1961 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
• James Armsey oversaw the formation of educational television at the Foundation in the 1950s and 1960s. His papers can be found at the University of Maryland Libraries.