Four Heavenly Kings
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The Four Heavenly Kings are four Buddhist gods or devas, each of whom is believed to watch over one cardinal direction of the world. The Hall of Four Heavenly Kings is a standard component of Chinese Buddhist temples. The Four Heavenly Kings (Sanskrit Caturmahārāja, Pali Catu-Mahārāja, Chinese Sì Dà Tiānwáng 四大天王, Japanese Shitennō 四天王) are celestial deities or guardian gods in Buddhist cosmology who preside over the four cardinal directions and protect the Dharma.<ref name="NichirenDic">“four heavenly kings ［四天王］”, Dictionary of Buddhism, Nichiren Library</ref>
Cosmological role
In Buddhist cosmology, the Four Heavenly Kings dwell on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru in the heaven known as Cāturmahārājakāyika (the realm of the Four Great Kings).<ref name="Caturmah">“Cāturmahārājakāyika”, Wikipedia</ref> They act as subordinate deities of Śakra (Indra) in the Trāyastriṃśa realm and are tasked with guarding the four directions and protecting the world from malevolent forces.<ref name="HimalayanArt">“Direction Guardian … Four Guardian Kings”, Himalayan Art</ref>
In the Sutra of Golden Light (Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra), the Four Heavenly Kings vow to protect those who honor and recite the sutra, thereby safeguarding righteous rulers and the Buddhist sangha.<ref name="GoldenLight">“Golden Light Sutra”, Wikipedia; The Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra</ref>
They also appear in protective discourses such as the Āṭānāṭīya Sutta (Dīgha Nikāya 32), where one of the kings (Vessavaṇa / Vaiśravaṇa) gives protective verses against malicious spirits.<ref name="Atanatiya">“Āṭānāṭīya Sutta”, Wikipedia</ref>
Individual kings and attributes
Each king corresponds to a cardinal direction and leads classes of lesser spirits or beings. Their names and roles vary slightly across Buddhist traditions.
| Direction | Name (Sanskrit / Pali) | East Asian name | Domain / function |
|---|---|---|---|
| East | Dhṛtarāṣṭra | 持国天 (Chíguó Tiān), 持国天 (Jikokuten) | Guardian of the East; leader of gandharvas and piśācas<ref name="Dhritarashtra">“Dhṛtarāṣṭra”, Wikipedia</ref> |
| South | Virūḍhaka | 增長天 (Zēngzhǎng Tiān), 増長天 (Zōjōten) | Guardian of the South; leads kumbhāṇḍas and pretas<ref name="Virudhaka">“Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)”, Wikipedia</ref> |
| West | Virūpākṣa | 广目天 (Guǎngmù Tiān), 広目天 (Kōmokuten) | Guardian of the West; leads nāgas and pūtanas<ref name="Virupaksa">“Virūpākṣa”, Wikipedia</ref> |
| North | Vaiśravaṇa | 多闻天 (Duōwén Tiān), 毘沙門天 (Bishamonten) | Guardian of the North; leader of yakṣas and rākṣasas; associated with wealth and protection<ref name="ShimVai">Shim, Y. S., The Origins and Symbolism of Vaiśravaṇa Iconography, 2025</ref> |
In East Asian Buddhist art, these kings are depicted in armor, wielding symbolic objects (lute, sword, serpent, umbrella or stupa), and standing in fierce warrior poses.<ref name="Zhu2023">Zhu, T. “Lute, Sword, Snake, and Parasol—The Formation of the Standard Iconography of the Four Heavenly Kings in Chinese Buddhist Art.” Religions 14 (2023): 798</ref>
Literary and ritual significance
Golden Light Sutra and state protection
One of the most influential sutras linking the Four Heavenly Kings to political and religious legitimacy is the Golden Light Sutra. It was widely employed in East Asia as a state-protection text: rulers would commission recitations to invoke the protector deities, including the Four Heavenly Kings, to defend the realm from disasters, invasions, or internal disorder.<ref name="GoldenLight"/>
In particular, Emperor Shōmu of Nara Japan (8th century) ordered the construction of provincial temples, each enshrining a copy of the text, naming them “Temples for the Protection of the State by the Golden Light of the Four Heavenly Kings.”<ref name="GoldenLight"/>
Protective sūtras and recitations
The Scripture of the Four Heavenly Kings (Si Tianwang Jing, T.590) is another text in the East Asian canon describing the kings' protective functions. Scholars have observed that parts of this scripture contain strongly secular or non-Buddhist elements.<ref name="Sørensen">H. H. Sørensen, A Study of the Si tianwang jing (T. 590)</ref>
Iconographic and regional variations
- In Chinese Buddhism, the Four Kings are often enshrined in the Heavenly Kings Hall (天王殿) at temple entrances.<ref name="Search0">“Four Heavenly Kings”, Wikipedia</ref>
- In Japanese Buddhism, known as Shitennō, they guard temple gates or surround the main deity in martial stances.<ref name="ReligionsJapan">Religions of Japan in Practice, JSTOR</ref>
- In Korean Buddhism, the Four Heavenly Kings at Hwaomsa (Gurye) have been studied, with attribution to the 17th-century sculptor monk In’gyun.<ref name="Young2023">Young-Ae, L. “Four Heavenly Kings at Hwaomsa, Gurye: Pyogam Kaksong and Sculptor Monk In’gyun.” Korean Journal of Art History 319 (2023): 173–200</ref>
The standardized iconography (lute, sword, snake, parasol) crystallized in China under Tibetan Tantric influence.<ref name="Zhu2023"/>
Symbolic interpretation
The Four Heavenly Kings are commonly interpreted as symbolizing:
- Guardianship of the Dharma – protecting the world from negative influences.<ref name="NichirenDic"/>
- Cosmic order – maintaining harmony in the universe through control of directions.
- Support of rulers – legitimizing righteous kingship through divine protection.<ref name="GoldenLight"/>
Names
The Kings are collectively named as follows:
| Language | Written form | Romanization | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sanskrit | चतुर्महाराज | Chaturmahārāja Chaturmahārājikā |
Four Great Kings |
| लोकपाल | Lokapāla | Guardians of the World | |
| Sinhala | Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Four Privileged/Bestowed Gods |
| Burmese | Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:IPA Template:IPA |
Loanword from catulokapāla loanword from catumahā + king nats |
| Chinese | Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Heavenly Kings |
| Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Four Heavenly Kings | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Four Great Heavenly Kings | |
| Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Good, rainy weather for growing crops | |
| Japanese | Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Four Heavenly Kings |
| Template:Lang | Template:Transliteration | Four Great Heavenly Kings | |
| Korean | Template:Lang/사천왕 | Template:Transliteration | Four heavenly kings |
| Vietnamese | 四天王 | Tứ Thiên Vương | Four heavenly kings |
| 四大天王 | Tứ Đại Thiên Vương | Four great heavenly kings | |
| Tibetan | རྒྱལ༌ཆེན༌བཞི༌ | rgyal chen bzhi | Four great kings |
| Mongolian | Template:MongolUnicode Язгуурун дөрвөн их хаан |
Yazguurun dörwön ix xaan (Ijaɣur-un dörben yeke qaɣan) | Four great kings of the root |
| ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠽᠠ
Дөрвөн махранз |
Dörwön maxranz (Dörben maqaranza) | Four great kings, loan word from mahārāja (Sanskrit)/mahārājan (Pali) | |
| ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠬᠠᠷᠠᠨᠽᠠ
Орчлоныг хамгаалах дөрвөн махранз |
Orchlonig xamgaalax dörwön maxranz
(Orčilang-i qamaɣalaqu dörben maqaranza) |
World-protecting four great kings | |
| Thai | จาตุมหาราชา | Chatumaharacha | Four Great Kings, loan word from catumahārāja (Pali) |
| จตุโลกบาล | Chatulokkaban | Four Guardians of the World, loan word from catulokapāla (Pali) | |
| Pali | Catu-Mahārāja | Catu-Mahārāja | The Four Great Kings |
Individually, they have different names and features.
| Pali name | Vessavaṇa | Virūḷhaka | Dhataraṭṭha | Virūpakkha |
| Devanagari Sanskrit romanization |
[[Vaiśravaṇa|वैश्रवण (कुबेर) Template:IAST]] (Kubera) |
[[Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)|विरूढक Template:IAST]] |
[[Dhṛtarāṣṭra|धृतराष्ट्र Template:IAST]] |
[[Virūpākṣa|विरूपाक्ष Template:IAST]] |
| Meaning | He who hears everything | He who causes to grow | He who upholds the realm | He who sees all |
| Control | yakṣas/yakkhas | kumbhāṇḍhas/kumbhaṇḍhas | gandharvas/gandhabbas | nāgas |
| Description | This is the chief of the four kings and protector of the north. He is the ruler of rain. His symbolic weapons are the umbrella or pagoda. Wearing heavy armor and carrying the umbrella in his right hand, he is often associated with the ancient Hindu god of wealth, Kubera. Associated with the color yellow or green. | King of the south and one who causes good growth of roots. He is the ruler of the wind. His symbolic weapon is the sword which he carries in his right hand to protect the Dharma and the southern continent. Associated with the color blue. | King of the east and god of music. His symbolic weapon is the pipa (stringed instrument). He is harmonious and compassionate and protects all beings. Uses his music to convert others to Buddhism. Associated with the color white. | King of the west and one who sees all. His symbolic weapon is a snake or red cord that is representative of a dragon. As the eye in the sky, he sees people who do not believe in Buddhism and converts them. His ancient name means "he who has broad objectives". Associated with the color red |
| Image | ||||
| Color | yellow or green | blue | white | red |
| Symbol | umbrella | sword | pipa | serpent |
| mongoose | stupa | |||
| stupa | pearl | |||
| Followers | [[Yaksha|Template:IAST]] | [[Kumbhanda|Template:IAST]] | gandharvas | nāgas |
| Direction | north | south | east | west |
| Traditional/Simplified Chinese Pinyin |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang / Template:Lang Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang / Template:Lang | Template:Lang / Template:Lang | Template:Lang / Template:Lang | Template:Lang / Template:Lang | |
| Kanji Hepburn romanization |
Template:Lang (Template:Lang) Template:Lang (Template:Lang) |
Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang Template:Lang | ||||
| Hangul romanized Korean |
Template:Lang Template:Lang |
Template:Lang 增長天王 Template:Lang |
Template:Lang 持國天王 Template:Lang |
Template:Lang 廣目天王 Template:Lang |
| Vietnamese alphabet Chữ Hán |
Template:Lang 多聞天王 |
Template:Lang 增長天王 |
Template:Lang 持國天王 |
Template:Lang 廣目天王 |
| Burmese Script | ဝေဿဝဏ္ဏနတ်မင်း (Wethawun Nat Min) ကုဝေရနတ်မင်း (Kuwera Nat Min) |
ဝိရူဠကနတ်မင်း (Wirulakka Nat Min) | ဓတရဋ္ဌနတ်မင်း (Datarattha Nat Min) | ဝိရူပက္ခနတ်မင်း (Wirupakkha Nat Min) |
| Tibetan alphabet and romanization | རྣམ་ཐོས་སྲས་ (Namthöse) | ཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ་ (Phakyepo) | ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་ (Yülkhorsung) | སྤྱན་མི་བཟང་ (Chenmizang) |
| Mongolian Script and Mongolian Cyrillic and Mongolian Latin alphabet | ᠲᠡᠢᠨ ᠰᠣᠨᠣᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢ
(Тийн сонсогч) Tiin sonsogch/tein sonosuɣči |
ᠦᠯᠡᠮᠵᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠲᠦ
(Үлэмж биет) Ülemzh biyet/Ülemji beyetü |
ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠠᠬᠢᠭᠴᠢ
(Орон орчиниг сахигч) Oron orchinig saxigch/Oron orčin-i sakiɣči |
ᠡᠭᠡᠨᠡᠭᠲᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ
(Эгнэгт үзэгч) Egnegt üzegch/Egenegte üjegči |
| (Намсрай)
Namsrai |
(Пагжийбуу)
Pagzhiibuu |
(Ёлхорсүрэн)
Yolxorsüren |
(Жамийсан)
Zhamiisan | |
| Template:MongolUnicode (Олон үндэстний үзэл) Template:Lang |
Template:MongolUnicode (Тиений өсөлт) Template:Lang |
Template:MongolUnicode (үндэсний засвар үйлчилгээ) Template:Lang |
Template:MongolUnicode (селестиел сурталчилгаа) Template:Lang | |
| Thai script romanization |
ท้าวเวสวัณ (Thao Wetsawan) ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ (Thao Wetsuwan) ท้าวกุเวร (Thao Kuwen) |
ท้าววิรุฬหก (Thao Wirunhok) | ท้าวธตรฐ (Thao Thatarot) | ท้าววิรูปักษ์ (Thao Wirupak) |
- Four Heavenly Kings statues at the royal crematorium of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
-
Vaiśravaṇa of the north direction, king of yakṣas. -
Virūḍhaka of the south direction, king of kumbhāṇḍas. -
Dhṛtarāṣṭra of the east direction, king of gandharvas. -
Virūpākṣa of the west direction, king of nāgas.
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Mythology
All four Kings serve [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Template:IAST]], the lord of the devas of Template:IAST. On the 8th, 14th and 15th days of each lunar month, the Kings either send out emissaries or go themselves to inspect the state of virtue and morality in the world of men. Then they report their findings to the assembly of the Template:IAST devas.
On the orders of Śakra, the Kings and their retinues stand guard to protect Template:IAST from another attack by the Asuras, which once threatened to destroy the realm of the devas. They also vowed to protect the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Buddha's followers from danger. In Chinese Buddhism, all four of the heavenly kings are regarded as four of the Twenty Devas (二十諸天 Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the Twenty-Four Devas (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān), a group of Buddhist dharmapalas who manifest to protect the Dharma.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Vasubandhu, devas born in the Cāturmahārājika heaven are 1/4 of a krośa in height (about 750 feet tall). They have a five-hundred-year lifespan, of which each day is equivalent to 50 years in our world; thus their total lifespan amounts to about nine million years (other sources say 90,000 years).
The attributes borne by each King also link them to their followers; for instance, the nāgas, magical creatures who can change form between human and serpent, are led by Template:IAST, represented by a snake; the gandharvas are celestial musicians, led by Template:IAST, represented with a lute. The umbrella was a symbol of regal sovereignty in ancient India, and the sword is a symbol of martial prowess. Template:IAST's mongoose, which ejects jewels from its mouth, is said to represent generosity in opposition to greed.
| Vaiśravaṇa
(north) |
||
| Virūpākṣa
(west) |
Heavenly Kings | Dhṛtarāṣṭra
(east) |
| Virūḍhaka
(south) |
Gallery
- Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings of Lingyin Temple, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
-
Duowen Tianwang (north)
-
Zengzhang Tianwang (south)
-
Chiguo Tianwang (east)
-
Guangmu Tianwang (west)
- Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings of Jikō-ji, Takasago, Hyōgo, Japan.
-
Jikoku-ten (east)
-
Zōjō-ten (south)
-
Kōmoku-ten (west)
-
Tamon-ten (north)
Popular culture
The motif of the Four Heavenly Kings has been appropriated in secular contexts. In Japanese history, the term Shitennō referred to four powerful generals, e.g. the Four Heavenly Kings of Tokugawa.<ref name="TokugawaShiteno">“Shitennō (Tokugawa clan)”, Wikipedia</ref> In modern media (anime, manga, video games), the Four Heavenly Kings are reimagined as elite guardians or adversaries.
- In Japanese professional wrestling, the group of Mitsuharu Misawa, Kenta Kobashi, Toshiaki Kawada, and Akira Taue of All Japan Pro-Wrestling are commonly referred to as the Four Heavenly Kings of Pro Wrestling.
- In the Hong Kong entertainment industry, Andy Lau, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Aaron Kwok are known as the Four Heavenly Kings.
- In the mid-to-late 1990s, Malice Mizer, La'cryma Christi, Fanatic Crisis and Shazna were known as the Four Heavenly Kings of the visual kei scene.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- In MegaBeast Investigator Juspion (1985), starting in episode 13, the main villain Mad Gallant employs a quartet of assassins called the Four Evil Heavenly Kings (悪の四天王, Aku no Shitennō).
- In Street Fighter II (1991), the leading members of Shadaloo (Grand Masters in English) are known as the Four Heavenly Kings. They consist of M. Bison (Vega in Japanese), Vega (Balrog in Japanese), Balrog (M. Bison in Japanese), Sagat (formerly), and F.A.N.G.
- In Sailor Moon (1991), the Four Heavenly Kings were the four loyal and faithfully devoted generals and bodyguards of Prince Endymion.
- In Pokémon (1996), the group of Pokémon trainers known as the Elite Four in English are called the Four Heavenly Kings in Japanese, Chinese and Korean.
- In Mega Man Zero (2002), the group of Reploids known as the Four Guardians in English are called the Four Heavenly Kings in Japanese. In the crossover game Rockman Xover, there is another group also called the Four Heavenly Kings.
- In Toriko (2008), the four protagonists, adopted sons of Ichiryu (Toriko, Coco, Sunny and Zebra), are known as the Four Heavenly Kings.
- The third Detective Dee film by Tsui Hark is titled Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings (2018).
- In Black Myth: Wukong (2024), the Four Heavenly Kings are featured as a boss fight.
See also
- Anemoi
- Bacab
- Four Dwarves (Norse mythology)
- Four Holy Beasts
- Four Living Creatures
- Four sons of Horus
- Four Stags (Norse mythology)
- Four Symbols
- Four temperaments
- Guardians of the directions
- Lokapala
- Royal stars
- Svetovid
- Tetramorph
- Watchtower
References
Template:Reflist Template:Refbegin
- Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar. Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. New Delhi: Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd., 2003. Template:ISBN.
- Nakamura, Hajime. Japan and Indian Asia: Their Cultural Relations in the Past and Present. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1961. Pp. 1–31.
- Potter, Karl H., ed. The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, volume 9. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970–. Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN (set).
- Thakur, Upendra. India and Japan: A Study in Interaction During 5th cent.–14th cent. A.D.. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1992. Template:ISBN. Pp. 27–41.
External links
- Schumacher, Mark. "Shitenno - Four Heavenly Kings (Deva) of Buddhism, Guarding Four Cardinal Directions". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism in Japan.
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