Francis Aylmer Maxwell

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox military person Brigadier-General Francis Aylmer Maxwell, Template:Postnominals (7 September 1871 – 21 September 1917) was a British Army officer in the Second Boer War and First World War. He was also a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life and military career

He was born on 7 September 1871 at "Westhill" in the Grange, Guildford in Surrey, the son of Surgeon Major Thomas Maxwell.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Maxwell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Sussex Regiment on 7 November 1891 and promoted to lieutenant on 24 November 1893. He transferred to the Indian Staff Corps, Indian Army, and took part in the Chitral Expedition in 1895 with the Queen's Own Corps of Guides. In the following years he served on the North-West Frontier of India, and took part in the Tirah Campaign 1897-98 under Sir William Lockhart, to whom he was Aide-de-camp. He was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his services.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1903</ref>

Second Boer War

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Lord Kitchener at the Peace Conference that ended the Second Boer War. Major Maxwell is stood second on the right.

Maxwell was attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the Second Boer War 1899-1900. By early March 1900 the British had captured the two capital cities of the Boer republics, and the war entered a new phase with a Boer guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at Sanna's Post on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of Christiaan De Wet attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about Template:Convert east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.<ref>N. G. Speed, Born to Fight</ref>

Victoria Cross

File:Victoria Cross Winners- Pre 1914 VC806.jpg

Maxwell pre-1914

Maxwell was 28 years old, and a lieutenant attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

On 31 March 1900 at Sanna's Post (aka Korn Spruit), South Africa, Template:Quote Major Edmund Phipps-Hornby, Sergeant Charles Parker, Gunner Isaac Lodge and Driver Horace Glasock also earned the Victoria Cross in this action.

Later service in South Africa

Maxwell was promoted to captain on 10 July 1901. He was appointed Aide-de-camp to Lord Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in South Africa. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the SS Orotava together with Lord Kitchener,<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> and arrived at Southampton the next month.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref> He received a brevet promotion to major on 22 August 1902.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

India

When Kitchener went to India as commander-in-chief in November 1902, Maxwell joined him there as his aide-de-camp.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

He was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1910, while serving as military secretary to the viceroy and governor general of India.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

First World War

Almost two years into the First World War Maxwell, promoted in November 1915 to brevet lieutenant colonel,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> was placed in command of the 12th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment from June to October 1916, for which he was promoted once again to temporary lieutenant colonel while serving as the battalion's commander.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> In November he was awarded a Bar to his Distinguished Service Order. For his actions taking Thiepval, he was given command of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, Indian Army in October 1916.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As commander of the 12th Middlesex, and later of the 27th Infantry Brigade of the 9th (Scottish) Division, to which he had been appointed to command in October when he was promoted to temporary brigadier general,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Maxwell came to be regarded as one of the finest combat commanders serving in the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. He was an aggressive commander who was also both an original thinker and popular with his men.<ref name="Bourne2002">Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite his rank, Maxwell, made a brevet colonel in June 1917,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> was frequently at the front line. He was killed in action, shot by a German sniper, during the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 21 September 1917.<ref name="Bourne2002" /> He is buried in Ypres Reservoir Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.<ref>Profile Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Lives of WWI</ref> The gravestone inscription states: "An ideal soldier and a very perfect gentleman beloved by all his men."

His brother, Lieutenant Colonel Eustace Lockhart Maxwell of the 11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse), was killed on 20 July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme, whilst commanding the 'bantams' of 23rd Manchester Regiment. He is commemorated on the Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

General Maxwell is commemorated with a plaque in St. Giles Cathedral on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Maxwell's medals are now held in the Imperial War Museum as part of the "Lord Ashcroft collection" having been bought at auction for £78,000.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His wife, Charlotte Maxwell, published a volume of his edited letters in 1921.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

• Gravestone in 2015 in Ypres Reservoir Cemetery
  Gravestone in 2015 in Ypres Reservoir Cemetery
• Memorial in St. Giles Cathedral
  Memorial in St. Giles Cathedral
• Memorial at Mount Cemetery Guildford
  Memorial at Mount Cemetery Guildford

See also

• List of generals of the British Empire who died during the First World War

Bibliography

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External links

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