Francisco Oller

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Francisco Manuel Oller y Cestero (June 17, 1833 – May 17, 1917) was a Puerto Rican painter, and the only Latin American artist to have played a role in the development of Impressionism. One of the most distinguished transatlantic painters of his day, Oller helped transform painting in the Caribbean.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

Biography

Early years

Francisco Manuel Oller y Cestero was born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico, the third of four children of aristocratic and wealthy Spanish parents Cayetano Juan Oller y Fromesta and María del Carmen Cestero Dávila.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>http://nobox.net/voz/prog_216.mp3 Template:Webarchive Template:In lang "Oller en Europa": Haydée Venegas' interview by La Voz del Centro</ref> When he was eleven he began to study art under the tutelage of Juan Cleto Noa, a painter who had an art academy in San Juan, Puerto Rico. There, Oller demonstrated that he had an enormous talent in art and in 1848, when Oller was fifteen years old, General Juan Prim, Governor of Puerto Rico, offered Oller the opportunity to continue his studies in Rome. However, the offer was not accepted as Oller's mother felt that he was too young to travel abroad alone.

When Oller was eighteen, he moved to Madrid, Spain, where he studied painting at the Royal Academy of San Fernando, under the tutelage of Don Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz, director of the Prado Museum. In 1858, he moved to Paris, France where he studied under Thomas Couture. Later he enrolled to study art in the Louvre under the instruction of Gustave Courbet.<ref name="Oller">Template:Cite news </ref> During his free time, Oller, who had a baritone type of singing voice, worked and participated in local Italian operas. He frequently visited cafés where he met with fellow artists. He also became a friend of fellow Puerto Ricans Ramón Emeterio Betances and Salvador Carbonell del Toro, who were expatriates in France due to their political beliefs. In 1859, Oller exhibited some of his artistic works next to those of Bazille, Renoir, Monet, and Sisley.<ref name="Oller"/> For a short time, Paul Cézanne was one of Oller's students, although their professional relationship deteriorated with time. By 1865, Oller was the first Puerto Rican and Hispanic Impressionist artist. In 1868, he founded the Free Academy of Art of Puerto Rico.

Realism Period (1840–1903)

Oller's paintings were a big contribution of history during this time. His paintings showed conflicts and daily lives of people outside of his home country as well as subjects internally. The author Edward J. Sullivan describes in his book, From San Juan to Paris and Back: Francisco Oller and Caribbean Art in the Era of Impressionism:

In the normal course of his day, the artist would have observed objects of quotidian use to the slaves and free persons of color with whom he regularly interacted. His world was not only the cultivated, Europeanized milieus of the Puerto Rican bourgeoisie, but also the realities of the relatively small city of San Juan, where he was born and where most of his career developed. Even during his many years of residence in Madrid and Paris, he would have carried with him the cultural baggage of his place of origin. His familiarity with the different strata of society on the Caribbean island of his birth was a constant reality as he intermingled with Realist and Impressionist artists and others who constituted his world on the other side of the Atlantic. This aspect of his personality cannot be easily separated from the other. Oller was a person of multiple cultural affinities, which allowed him to embrace what he saw abroad, but also to interiorize and reformulate those elements for purposes that conformed to his vision of tropical reality.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref>

Upon his return to Puerto Rico from France in 1866 he found himself face-to-face with slavery and he would create a number of works including Template:Lang ("the flogged black man"), Template:Lang ("the punishment of the black man in love"), and others depicting slavery in Puerto Rico.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Impression Period (1874–1893)

Oller spent nearly two decades in Europe working alongside the pioneers of Impressionism, and, through his travels, participated in a vibrant exchange of aesthetic ideas, forging his own brand of international modernism while engaging social issues unique to the Caribbean. During his three trips to Paris, Oller affiliated himself with Paul Cézanne, fellow Caribbean artist Camille Pissarro (born in St. Thomas), and other members of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movements.<ref name=":0" />

Later years

Throughout his later life and after his death, Oller was compared to Jose Campeche as one of the most outstanding figures of the arts in his country. Campeche created an impressive body of portraits and religious subjects.<ref name=":1" /> In 1884, he founded an art school for young women,<ref name="Spiegelman" /> which later became known as the Universidad Nacional. In 1871, Spain honored Oller by naming him a member of the Order of Carlos III, and a year later he became the official painter of the royal court of Amadeo I. Oller developed an interest in bringing out the reality of Puerto Rico's landscape, its people and culture through his works of art. Oller's paintings can be found in museums worldwide, including the Musée d'Orsay in France. Oller died on May 17, 1917, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He was buried at the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Styles and influences

File:Francisco-Oller.jpg
Self-portrait, c. 1892

Oller was a prolific painter with works ranging in topic from still lifes and landscapes to historical events and portraiture.<ref name="Spiegelman">Template:Cite news, electronic copy published as Template:Cite news</ref> While he was involved with several painting movements, Realism, Naturalism and Impressionism; he is best known for his Impressionist works.<ref name="Spiegelman" /> Oller's style of painting made him stand out among the many artists that took part in the depiction of Puerto Rico's lush tropical landscapes of both rural and urban landscapes and provided a realistic image of Puerto Rico compared to the European artists that flocked over to the Caribbean to paint lush, idealized landscapes of the environment. His painting style provided a historical context for his painting, providing a cultural view through his own lens. He was involved with many art movements from the realist art movement, the naturalist art movement, and the impressionist art movement of which he is best known for. In his life, Oller spent nearly two decades in Europe working alongside the pioneers of these art movements, drawing influence from them in the evolution of his artwork. One characteristic that is quite apparent in his work that he drew influence from another artist is his sober, unidealized depictions of rural workers in Puerto Rico.

The "plantation portraits" by Oller, as well as those by Mendes Belisario in Jamaica and dozens of others throughout the Caribbean and the southern United States (where the plantations mostly served the cotton industry), were part of a long tradition of depictions of agriculture and servitude. Rarely, if ever, depicting the negative associations of enslaved or indentured labor, they attempted to create nostalgic views of the "old homestead", or a faraway venue of nostalgia. While Oller's plantation pictures were executed in a somewhat different spirit, they nonetheless pertain to this genre that played a significant role throughout the development of visualization in a Caribbean context over a period of some 150 years.<ref name=":1" />

Oller was influenced by Barbizon School painter Jean-François Millet to paint in this way, allowing him to provide a realistic depiction of the life of Puerto Ricans in their historical context. In his early years, Francisco Oller was taught by European painters at the Academia, including French neoclassical painter Jean Baptiste Vermay. His main source of influence in his early years comes from two painters, the Spaniard Luis Paret y Alcázar and, most significantly, the Puerto Rican José Campeche y Jordán. The artwork of José Campeche provided Oller a major point of reference for him in his young years as a developing artist. Francisco Oller was compared to Campeche as one of the most prominent artists in his country's history. Oller not only drew inspiration from the work of Campeche but copied works of art by him and even lived in the artist's former house.<ref name="Spiegelman" />

Selected works

  • El pleito de la herencia (1854–56)
  • Portrait of Manuel Sicardó (1866–68)
  • Landscape with hut (1870–97)<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • El estudiante (1874)
  • The Basilica of Lourdes from the Gave River (1876–77)<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Battle of Treviño (1879)
    • Oller painted Colonel Juan Contreras as the central figure during a battle that took place on July 8, 1875. The battle was part of the Carlist Wars, a 19th-century war over the succession of the Spanish throne. Oller painted this during his final visit to Europe, where he was appointed as the official painter of the Spanish Court of King Alfonso XII. The artist opposed the conventions of realism and precision of more traditional military paintings. Instead, he uses Impressionistic style to capture the atmosphere and drama of the moment. Dabs of color blend together to create an out-of-focus effect. Oller also effectively used lines to draw attention to Colonel Contreras; the clouds, hills, and soldiers direct focus to the central figure. The author Edward J. Sullivan wrote:

      The Battle of Treviño denotes a significant moment for Oller within the world of Spanish art. The painting represents an official theme of recent national history, through which the artist places himself in the tradition of military images that was of great importance in later nineteenth-century Iberian painting. The genre of battle painting is one of the least avant-garde artistic forms. Oller, an artist often associated with the "new" in art, is here going against that grain and inserting himself directly within a mode most often practiced by artists of a decidedly conservative personality. Nevertheless, he used this form as a way to experiment with the possibilities of a spontaneity and pictorial freedom within the framework of traditional subject matter.<ref name=":1" />

  • Hacienda La Fortuna (1885)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Photograph - PONCE - A Sugar Refinery or Plantation near City of Ponce, P. R. circa 1898. (Identified by a viewer as Hacienda La Matilde) - Vintage Photo measures 7 x 5 inches. Flickr. Retrieved 5 September 2013.</ref>
  • Portrait of Angelina Serracante (1885–88)<ref name=":2" />
  • Las lavanderas (1887–88)
  • La ceiba de Ponce (1888)<ref>Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. Ponce Ciudad Museo 2001. 2001. p. 111.</ref>
  • Road with Thatched Huts (1890)<ref name=":2" />
  • Sugar Mill (1890)<ref name=":3" />
  • La escuela del Maestro Rafael Cordero (1890–92)
    • The subject of this painting, Rafael Cordero, was the founder of the first school in Puerto Rico for both the formerly enslaved and children of enslaved persons. By the late 1820s, the school admitted male children of all races and social strata. Cordero was both the sole instructor and manual laborer, making cigars and cigarettes in his workshop, where class took place. We can see his tobacco work table in the bottom right-hand corner. The children are of different socioeconomic classes and skin tones; the artist portrays the importance and accessibility of education to all races. The two children in the foreground, one holding an egg and the other holding bread, suggests the intermingling of race. As an abolitionist himself, Oller portrays the acceptance of race in the developing country during this time. Cordero's expression is exasperated and exhausted; despite this, he persists to provide education to the children. The setting is very conservative with religious symbolism on the walls. The walls are plain and cracked. Oller portrayed his subject as glamorous, as an "unsung hero".
  • Still Life with Avocados and Utensils (1891)<ref name=":3" />
  • Still life with Soursops (1891)<ref name=":3" />
  • El Velorio ("The Wake") (1893)<ref name="Spiegelman" /><ref name="Arte TV" />
    • This 8-by-13-foot painting was one of the few that had survived while many of his works were lost or damaged beyond repair. El Velorio was not seen as the most glamorous but was shown in the Paris Salon in 1895. Oller uses small, visible brush strokes and an emphasis on an accurate depiction of light and mastery of color in its changing qualities in his paintings. The painting depicts the wake or, in Puerto Rican Spanish, "baquiné" of a dead child laid on a table covered with flowers. Participants totally ignore the child and instead celebrate with food, drink, games, songs, dancing and prayer. The reason for this is that they believe it is a time for celebration for the child has become an angel and should be properly sent off. All the while the parents are mourning over the loss of their child and some are consoling the mother. Oller's painting is considered a Puerto Rican national treasure and is not allowed to leave the Museum of History, Anthropology, and Art at the University of Puerto Rico's Río Piedras campus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • George W. Davis (1900)<ref name=":3" />
  • Portrait of Eugenio María de Hostos (1903–17)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Landscape with Royal Palm (1910)<ref name=":3" />
  • Bodegón con piñas
  • El Cesante

Legacy and remembrance

Oller was responsible for bringing Realism and Impressionism to San Juan. Combining them with the artistic traditions of San Juan, he revolutionized the school of painting in Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean region. Oller also helped bring outside world events by drawing them and displaying them publicly. Many Puerto Rican artists have followed in Oller's footsteps, including Ramón Fradé (1875-1954) and Miguel Pou (1880-1968).<ref name="Arte TV">Template:Cite web</ref>

The municipality of Cataño in Puerto Rico, named a high school after him, and the City of New York renamed P.S.61 in The Bronx P.S. Francisco Oller. There is also a Francisco Oller Library in the School of Plastic Arts and Design of Puerto Rico (Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico) in Old San Juan. The Francisco Oller Museum, where many artists, such as Tomás Batista, exhibit their work, is located in the city of Bayamón. In Buffalo, New York there is a Francisco Oller and Diego Rivera Museum of Art where Manuel Rivera-Ortiz and other artists have exhibited their work.

See also

References

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Further reading

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