Frank H. Newcomb
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military person Frank Hamilton Newcomb (10 November 1846Template:Spaced ndash20 February 1934) was a United States Revenue Cutter Service commodore, best known for his actions at the Battle of Cárdenas during the Spanish–American War.
Early life and education
Newcomb was born in Boston, Massachusetts on 10 November 1846, the oldest of three children. His father, Hiram Newcomb was a merchant sea captain and Frank sailed on his father's ship at an early age. At the age of sixteen he served on another merchant ship that made an around the world trading voyage.<ref name=Thiesen6>Thiesen, p 6</ref>
Career
U.S. Navy
In 1863 at the age of 17, Newcomb received a U.S. Navy officer's appointment as acting master's mate aboard the mortar schooner Template:USS. As a part of the Atlantic Blockading Squadron during the American Civil War, Para served through many engagements. In early 1865, Newcomb was transferred to Template:USS, which was a coaling vessel home-ported at Port Royal, South Carolina. At the conclusion of the war, Newcomb resigned from the Navy and attempted to make a living as a merchant and as an officer on a merchant ship. He made trips to Europe and the West Coast, but due to a decline in United States merchant shipping after the war he was not able to make a living as a merchant mariner. In 1869, he began working for the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad and later the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad.<ref name=Thiesen6 />
U.S. Revenue Cutter Service
Desiring to return to a sea career, Newcomb applied for and received a commission in the United States Revenue Cutter Service. He was commissioned as a third lieutenant on 8 March 1873 and assigned initially to Template:USRC.<ref name=Thiesen6/><ref name=Noble51>Noble, p 51</ref><ref group="Note">Third Lieutenant was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank equivalent to an Ensign in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref> Petrel was sold on 21 October 1873 and Newcomb was transferred to USRC W.H. Crawford, reporting aboard 25 November 1873.<ref name=RoM242>Record of Movements, p 242</ref><ref name=RoM197>Record of Movements, p 197</ref> Newcomb was transferred to Template:USRC based at Milwaukee, Wisconsin in June 1876.<ref name=RoM264>Record of Movements, p 264</ref> He was promoted to second lieutenant on 25 March 1878.<ref name=Noble51>Noble, p 51</ref><ref group="Note">Second Lieutenant was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank equivalent to a Lieutenant (Junior Grade) in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref> In 1879, Newcomb was appointed as an assistant inspector for the United States Life-Saving Service by USLSS superintendent Sumner I. Kimball. While he served in this capacity he was placed in charge of Template:USRC based in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and he used the boat to aid in inspecting USLSS stations in south Virginia and North Carolina.<ref name=RoM347>Record of Movements, p 347</ref><ref name=Canney41>Canney, p 41</ref> The senior inspector, Lieutenant Charles F. Shoemaker and Newcomb helped establish an all black crew located on North Carolina's Outer Banks at Pea Island because some of the white crews didn't want to serve in mixed race crews. Newcomb appointed a locally recognized surfman, Richard Etheridge as the Pea Island Life-Saving Station head keeper.<ref name=Thiesen7>Thiesen, p 7</ref> On 1 July 1885, he was assigned to Template:USRC.<ref name=RoM188>Record of Movements, p 188</ref> On 7 December 1886, he began serving on Template:USRC.<ref name=RoM233>Record of Movements, p 233</ref> On 7 November 1889, Newcomb was transferred to Template:USRC.<ref name=RoM205>Record of Movements, p 205</ref> On 16 May 1891 Newcomb was promoted to first lieutenant.<ref name=Noble51 /><ref group="Note">First Lieutenant was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank equivalent to a Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref><ref group="Note">It is unknown what duty stations Newcomb was assigned after he left Dallas until he reported as commanding officer of Hudson in 1897. One source mentions continuous service on various cutters on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts as well as Alaska for at least part of the period.<ref name=Thiesen7>Thiesen, p 7</ref></ref>
Spanish–American War
As a first lieutenant, Newcomb reported aboard Template:USRC in September 1897 as the commanding officer. Hudson was homeported at New York City's harbor at that time.<ref name=Thiesen7 /> Newcomb received orders assigning Hudson to the Navy and to report to Norfolk, Virginia, for outfitting because of the growing tensions with Spain over the sinking of the Template:USS on 15 February 1898. Although more of a tugboat than a combat vessel, Hudson was equipped at Norfolk Naval Shipyard with two six-pound rapid fire guns fore and aft and a Colt automatic machine gun on the aft deckhouse. She also received Template:Convert.) armor plating around the pilothouse and deckhouse.<ref name=Thiesen8>Thiesen, p 8</ref><ref group="Note">Hudson was a Template:Convert cutter of a tugboat design displacing 128 tons. She was the Revenue Cutter Service's first steel-hulled cutter and was the first to be powered by a triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine.<ref name=Canney49-52>Canney, pp 49–52</ref> She was crewed by five officers, two warrant officers, and sixteen enlisted in 1898.<ref name=Thiesen8 /></ref> On 23 April, Hudson departed Norfolk with orders to report to the staging area for Cuban operations at Key West, Florida. War with Spain had been declared 21 April while the cutter was in the shipyard.<ref name=Thiesen8 />
On 11 May 1898, in one of the first actions off the coast of Cuba, Newcomb distinguished himself and his ship in the Battle of Cárdenas. The U.S. Navy torpedo boat Template:USS and USRC Hudson had been shelling Spanish positions. Winslow had been hit multiple times. Half her complement was dead or wounded and her captain gravely wounded. Newcomb ordered Hudson to tow Winslow out of harm's way. Under heavy fire, she did just that, despite nearly foundering on shoals trying to fasten a line to Hudson. Newcomb's actions saved Winslow from destruction and possible capture.<ref name=Thiesen8-9,14>Thiesen, pp 8–9, p 14</ref> After the action at Cárdenas, Hudson patrolled the waters near Cárdenas Bay, capturing three vessels carrying stores while destroying a fourth. Newcomb and the crew of Hudson returned to her homeport of New York City in mid-August 1898 and a rousing welcome and a recommendation by President William McKinley to Congress to issue a gold medal for Newcomb, silver medals for his officers, and bronze medals for his enlisted crew.<ref name=Thiesen15>Thiesen, p 15</ref>
A joint resolution by Congress carried out the president's wishes and medals were struck for Newcomb, his officers and men. Newcomb received the only gold medal awarded by Congress for participation in the Spanish–American War.<ref name=King120>King, p 120</ref><ref group="Note">Three members of the crew of Winslow received the Medal of Honor for their actions at Cárdenas.<ref name=Thiesen14>Thiesen, p 14</ref> Receiving Medals of Honor were Navy sailors, Chief Gunners Mate George F. Brady, Chief Machinist Thomas C. Cooney, and Chief Machinist Hans Johnsen.</ref>
Later USRCS service
After Newcomb's return to New York and the receipt of the Cardenas Medal, he was awarded seven additional points on the Revenue Cutter Service's promotion system which helped him get promoted to captain in 1902.<ref name=Thiesen15 /><ref group="Note">Captain was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank equivalent to a Commander in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref> He later served as the Supervisor of Anchorages for New York Harbor, and Superintendent of Construction of Life-Saving Stations for the Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes.<ref name=Thiesen15 /> On 8 May 1908 he was promoted to the rank of senior captain.<ref name=Noble51 /><ref group="Note">Senior Captain was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank equivalent to a Captain in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref> At age 64, Newcomb reached mandatory retirement age and he retired with the rank of captain-commandant on 10 November 1910.<ref name=Noble51 /><ref name=Thiesen15 /><ref group="Note">Captain-Commandant was the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service rank that would have been equivalent to a Commodore in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard. Although Newcomb never served as Commandant of the Revenue Cutter Service, it was the only rank that he could be promoted to upon his retirement as the RCS was not authorized a rank of commodore at the time.<ref name=Larzelere17>Larzelere, p 17</ref></ref>
Later life and death
In 1927, Newcomb received the rank of commodore on the U.S. Coast Guard Retired List.<ref name=Thiesen15 /> Newcomb died of natural causes at Los Angeles, California, on 19 February 1934. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery with his wife, Rose Prioleau Newcomb (1863–1951.<ref name=Thiesen15 /><ref>Burial Detail: Newcomb, Frank H – ANC Explorer</ref>
Legacy
The United States Navy destroyer USS Newcomb (DD-586) was named in his honor.<ref name=Thiesen6 />
In 2014, the Coast Guard's Command and Operations School renamed its "Top Conn" award to the Newcomb award. It is awarded to the graduate of each Prospective Commanding Officer / Prospective Executive Officer class that best demonstrates the excellence in leadership, mentorship, and inspiration exemplified by Newcomb.Template:Citation needed
See also
Notes
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