Frans de Waal

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Family name hatnote Template:Infobox scientist

Franciscus Bernardus Maria de Waal (29 October 1948 – 14 March 2024) was a Dutch-American primatologist and ethologist. He was the Charles Howard Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Department of Psychology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, director of the Living Links Center at the Emory National Primate Research Center,<ref name="MSNBC">Template:Cite web</ref> and author of numerous books including Chimpanzee Politics (1982) and Our Inner Ape (2005). His research centered on primate social behavior, including conflict resolution, cooperation, inequity aversion, and food-sharing. He was a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Early life and education

De Waal was born in 's-Hertogenbosch on 29 October 1948,<ref name="uu">Template:Cite web</ref> to Jo and Cis de Waal. He grew up with five brothers in Waalwijk.<ref name="NYT-20240320">Template:Cite news</ref>

He studied at Radboud University Nijmegen, University of Groningen, and Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In 1977, De Waal received his doctorate in biology from Utrecht University after training as a zoologist and ethologist with professor Jan van Hooff, a well-known expert of emotional facial expression in primates. His dissertation, titled "Agonistic interactions and relations among Java-monkeys", concerned aggressive behavior and alliance formation in macaques.<ref name="uu"/><ref>Living Links Bio Page Template:Webarchive</ref> Fellow Dutch ethologist Niko Tinbergen was an inspiration to de Waal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Career

In 1975, De Waal began a six-year project on the world's largest captive colony of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo. The study resulted in many scientific papers, and resulted in the publication of his first book, Chimpanzee Politics, in 1982. This book offered the first description of primate behavior explicitly in terms of planned social strategies. De Waal was the first to introduce the thinking of Machiavelli to primatology, leading to the label "Machiavellian intelligence" that later became associated with it.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the mid 1990’s the book was put on a reading list for Republican House freshmen.<ref name="NYT-20240320" /> In his writings, De Waal never shied away from attributing emotions and intentions to his primates, and as such his work inspired the field of primate cognition.<ref name="Emory"/>

De Waal's early work drew attention to deception and conflict resolution among primates, both of which became major areas of research. At first, his research was highly controversial and the label "reconciliation", which De Waal introduced for reunions after fights, was initially questioned, but came to be fully accepted with respect to animal behavior.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> De Waal's later work emphasized non-human animal empathy and the origins of morality. His most widely cited paper, written with his former student Stephanie Preston, concerns the evolutionary origin and neuroscience of empathy, not just in primates, but in mammals in general.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the 1990s, there was resistance from editors against De Waal's desire to publish his work on bonobos, which included potentially controversial work about bonobo sex. However, he published an article in Scientific American in 1995 and the book Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> De Waal made bonobos popular and gave them a "make love – not war" reputation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

De Waal's larger goal was understanding what binds primate societies together rather than how competition structures them. However, competition is not ignored in his work: the original focus of de Waal's research was aggressive behavior and social dominance. Whereas his research focused on the behavior of nonhuman primates (mostly chimpanzees, bonobos, macaques, and capuchin monkeys), his popular books gave de Waal worldwide visibility by relating the insights he has gained from monkey and ape behavior to human society. With his students, he also worked on elephants, which were increasingly featured in his writings.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

De Waal's research into the innate capacity for empathy among primates led him to the conclusion that non-human great apes and humans are simply different types of apes, and that empathic and cooperative tendencies are continuous between these species. His belief is illustrated in the following quote from The Age of Empathy: "We start out postulating sharp boundaries, such as between humans and apes, or between apes and monkeys, but are in fact dealing with sand castles that lose much of their structure when the sea of knowledge washes over them. They turn into hills, leveled ever more, until we are back to where evolutionary theory always leads us: a gently sloping beach."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

This is quite opposite to the view of some economists and anthropologists, who postulate the differences between humans and other animals. However, recent work on prosocial tendencies in apes and monkeys supports de Waal's position. See, for example, the research of Felix Warneken,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> a psychologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. In 2011, de Waal and his co-workers were the first to report that chimpanzees given a free choice between helping only themselves or helping themselves plus a partner, prefer the latter. In fact, de Waal does not believe these tendencies to be restricted to humans and apes, but views empathy and sympathy as universal mammalian characteristics, a view that over the past decade has gained support from studies on rodents and other mammals, such as dogs. He and his students have extensively worked on such cooperation and fairness in animals. In 2011 de Waal gave a TED Talk entitled "Moral behavior in animals".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Part of the talk dealt with inequity aversion among capuchin monkeys, and a video extract of this went viral. It showed the furious reaction of one monkey given a less desirable treat than another.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The most recent work in this area was the first demonstration that given a chance to play the ultimatum game, chimpanzees respond in the same way as children and human adults by preferring the equitable outcome.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1981, de Waal moved to the United States for a position at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, and in 1991 took a position at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was C.H. Candler Professor in the Psychology Department at Emory University and director of the Living Links Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory.<ref name="Emory">Template:Cite web</ref> He became an American citizen in 2008.

In 2005 he coined the term Veneer theory.<ref name="pap">Template:Cite book</ref> His 2013 book The Bonobo and the Atheist examines human behavior through the eyes of a primatologist, and explores to what extent God and religion are needed for human morality. The main conclusion is that morality comes from within, and is part of human nature. The role of religion is secondary.<ref name="Economist">Template:Cite news</ref>

De Waal also wrote a column for Psychologie Magazine, a popular Dutch monthly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

From 1 September 2013, de Waal was a distinguished professor (universiteitshoogleraar) at Utrecht University. This was a part-time appointment whilst he remained in his position at Emory University, in Atlanta.<ref name="uu"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 2016, de Waal was the guest on the BBC Radio Four program The Life Scientific.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In June 2018, de Waal was awarded the NAT Award, established by the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona. It was awarded to de Waal "for his vision regarding the evolution of animal behaviour in establishing a parallel between primate and human behaviour in aspects such as politics, empathy, morality and justice."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

At least two of de Waal’s later books, Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are? (2016) and Mama’s Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us About Ourselves (2019), were best sellers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Different: Gender through the Eyes of a Primatologist (2022) was a Kirkus Best Science and Medicine Book of 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

De Waal died of stomach cancer on 14 March 2024 in Stone Mountain, Georgia. He was 75.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Awards

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

Selected bibliography

Books

Articles

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

Template:Wikiquote Template:Commons category Template:Scholia

Template:People in animal welfare Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Frans_de_Waal&oldid=238000"