Fusarium oxysporum

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Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht as emended by Snyder and Hansen),<ref name=jstor2436688>Template:Cite journal</ref> an ascomycete fungus, comprises all the species, varieties and forms recognized by Wollenweber and Reinking<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> within an infrageneric grouping called section Elegans. It is part of the family Nectriaceae.

Although their predominant role in native soils may be as harmless or even beneficial plant endophytes or soil saprophytes, many strains within the F. oxysporum complex are soil borne pathogens of plants, especially in agricultural settings.

Taxonomy

While the species, as defined by Snyder and Hansen, has been widely accepted for more than 50 years,<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref> more recent work indicates this taxon is actually a genetically heterogeneous polytypic morphospecies,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> whose strains represent some of the most abundant and widespread microbes of the global soil microflora.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Genome

The Template:Visible anchor family of transposable elements was first discovered by Daboussi et al., 1992 in several formae speciales<ref name="Daboussi-Capy-2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Daboussi-et-al-1992">Template:Cite journal</ref> and Davière et al., 2001 and Langin et al., 2003 have since found them in most strains at copy numbers as high as 100.<ref name="Daboussi-Capy-2003" />

Habitat

These diverse and adaptable fungi have been found in soils ranging from the Sonoran Desert, to tropical and temperate forest, grasslands and soils of the tundra.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> F. oxysporum strains are ubiquitous soil inhabitants that have the ability to exist as saprophytes, and degrade lignin<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and complex carbohydrates<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=jstor2436688/> associated with soil debris. They are pervasive plant endophytes that can colonize plant roots<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and may even protect plants or form the basis of disease suppression.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Because the hosts of a given forma specialis usually are closely related, many have assumed that members of a forma specialis are also closely related and descended from a common ancestor.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> However, results from research conducted on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense forced scientists to question these assumptions. Researchers used anonymous, single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphsims (RFLPs) to identify 10 clonal lineages from a collection of F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense from across the world. These results showed that pathogens of banana causing Panama disease could be as closely related to other host's pathogens, such as melon or tomato, as they are to each other. Exceptional amounts of genetic diversity within F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense were deduced from the high level of chromosomal polymorphisms found among strains, random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints and from the number and geographic distribution of vegetative compatibility groups.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pathogen

Presented with the wide-ranging occurrence of F. oxysporum strains that are nonpathogenic, it is reasonable to conclude that certain pathogenic forms were descended from originally nonpathogenic ancestors. Given the association of these fungi with plant roots, a form that is able to grow beyond the cortex and into the xylem could exploit this ability and hopefully gain an advantage over fungi that are restricted to the cortex.Template:Citation needed

The progression of a fungus into vascular tissue may elicit an immediate host response, successfully restricting the invader; or an otherwise ineffective or delayed response, reducing the vital water-conducting capacity and induce wilting.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On the other hand, the plant might be able to tolerate limited growth of the fungus within xylem vessels, preceded by an endophytic association.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In this case, any further changes in the host or parasite could disturb the relationship, in a way that fungal activities or a host response would result in the generation of disease symptoms.

Pathogenic strains of F. oxysporum have been studied for more than 100 years. The host range of these fungi is broad and includes animals, ranging from arthropods<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> to humans,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as well as plants, including a range of both gymnosperms and angiosperms. While collectively, plant pathogenic F. oxysporum strains have a broad host range, individual isolates usually cause disease only in a narrow range of plant species. This observation has led to the idea of "special form" or forma specialis in F. oxysporum. Formae speciales have been defined as "…an informal rank in Classification… used for parasitic fungi characterized from a physiological standpoint (e.g. by the ability to cause disease in particular hosts) but scarcely or not at all from a morphological standpoint." Exhaustive host range studies have been conducted for relatively few formae speciales of F. oxysporum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> For more information on Fusarium oxysporum as a plant pathogen, see Fusarium wilt and Koa wilt.

Different strains of F. oxysporum have been used for the purpose of producing nanomaterials (especially Silver nanoparticles).

"Agent Green" in Colombia

In 2000, the government of Colombia reluctantly agreed to develop a mycoherbicide using strains of Fusarium oxysporum, also known as Agent Green, as a biological weapon to forcibly eradicate coca and other illegal crops.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The weaponized strains were developed by the US government, who originally conditioned their approval of Plan Colombia on the use of this weapon, but ultimately withdrew the condition.<ref name="scoop.co.nz">Template:Cite press release</ref> Field tests were originally scheduled to take place in Colombia in 2000, but were halted due to international protests.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In February 2001, the EU Parliament issued a declaration specifically against the use of these biological agents in warfare.<ref name="scoop.co.nz"/>

Gold interactions

The fungus has the ability to dissolve gold, then precipitate it onto its surface, encrusting itself with gold. This phenomenon was first observed in Boddington, West Australia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result of this discovery, F. oxysporum is currently being evaluated as a possible way to help detect hidden underground gold reserves.<ref>Template:Cite journal

Formae speciales

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See also

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References

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