Gabriel Okara

Gabriel Imomotimi Okara (24 April 1921 – 25 March 2019)<ref>"Renowned Poet and Novelist, Gabriel Okara, Dies Just Before 98th Birthday" Template:Webarchive, Olisa TV, 25 March 2019.</ref> was a Nigerian poet<ref name="LaurenceStovel2001">Template:Cite book</ref> and novelist who was born in Bumoundi in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The first modernist poet of Anglophone Africa, he is best known for his early experimental novel, The Voice (1964), and his award-winning poetry, published in The Fisherman's Invocation (1978)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and The Dreamer, His Vision (2005).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In both his poems and his prose, Okara drew on African thought, religion, folklore and imagery,<ref name=Britannica /> and he has been called "the Nigerian Negritudist".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Sumaila Umaisha, "Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara: The Poet of the Nun River — interview", African Writing, No. 6.</ref> According to Brenda Marie Osbey, editor of his Collected Poems, "It is with publication of Gabriel Okara's first poem that Nigerian literature in English and modern African poetry in this language can be said truly to have begun."<ref>Brenda Marie Osbey, Introduction Template:Webarchive, Gabriel Okara: Collected Poems, University of Nebraska Press, 2016.</ref>

Biography

Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara, the son of an Ijọ chief,<ref name=Zell>"Gabriel Okara," in Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, A New Reader's Guide to African Literature, Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 445–447.</ref> was born in Bomoundi in the Niger Delta in 1921. He was educated at Government College Umuahia,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and later at Yaba Higher College. During World War II, he attempted to enlist in the British Royal Air Force but did not complete pilot training, instead he worked for a time for the British Overseas Airways Corporation (later British Airways).<ref name=CBB>James M. Manheim, "Okara, Gabriel 1921–", Contemporary Black Biography . Encyclopedia.com.</ref>

In 1945 Okara found work as a printer and bookbinder for colonial Nigeria's government-owned publishing company. He remained in that post for nine years, during which he began to write. At first he translated poetry from Ijaw into English and wrote scripts for government radio. He studied journalism at Northwestern University in 1949, and before the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70) worked as Information Officer for the Eastern Nigerian Government Service.<ref name=Zell /> Together with Chinua Achebe, Okara was roving ambassador for Biafra's cause during part of 1969.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> From 1972 to 1980 he was director of the Rivers State Publishing House in Port Harcourt.<ref name=Britannica>"Gabriel Okara", Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref>

Writing

After leaving school Okara wrote plays and features for radio, and in 1953 his poem "The Call of the River Nun" won an award at the Nigerian Festival of Arts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of his poetry was published in the literary magazine Black Orpheus, and by 1960 he had won recognition as an accomplished literary craftsman, his poetry being translated into several languages.<ref name=Britannica /> He attended the landmark African Writers Conference held on 1 June 1962 at Makerere University College in Kampala, Uganda, along with such writers as Chinua Achebe, Rajat Neogy, Bloke Modisane, Okot p'Bitek, Bernard Fonlon, Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, Olusegun Olusola, Grace Ogot, Jonathan Kariara, Rebecca Njau, Wole Soyinka, John Pepper Clark, Saunders Redding, Christopher Okigbo, Francis Ademola, Ezekiel Mphahlele, Arthur Maimane, and others.<ref>Billy Kahora, "Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: A history of creative writing instruction in East Africa", Chimurenga Chronic, 18 April 2017.</ref>

One of Okara's most famous poems is "Piano and Drums". Another popular poem, "You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed", is a frequent feature of anthologies. Okara was very concerned with what happens when the ancient culture of Africa is faced with modern Western culture, as in his poem "Once Upon a Time".<ref>Gabriel Okara, "Once Upon a Time", in Collected Poems, University of Nebraska Press, 2016.</ref>

He pursued that theme in his first novel, The Voice (1964). Its protagonist Okolo, like countless post-colonial Africans, is hunted by society and haunted by his own ideals. Experimenting linguistically in The Voice, Okara "translated directly from the Ijo (Ijaw) language, imposing Ijo syntax onto English in order to give literal expression to African ideas and imagery. The novel creates a symbolic landscape in which the forces of traditional African culture and Western materialism contend.... Okara’s skilled portrayal of the inner tensions of his hero distinguished him from many other Nigerian novelists."<ref name=Britannica />

In addition to his poetry and fiction, Okara also wrote plays and features for broadcasting.<ref name=Zell />

Many of his unpublished manuscripts were destroyed during the Nigerian Civil War.<ref name=CBB />

In April 2017, the Gabriel Okara Literary Festival was held at the University of Port Harcourt in his honour.<ref>Ozolua Uhakheme,"A bouquet for poet Okara", The Nation, 8 March 2017.</ref><ref>Anote Ajeluorou, "‘Gabriel Okara has written in all genres, yet not much attention has been given to his work’" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian (Nigeria), 19 March 2017.</ref> The publication in May 2017 of the book Gabriel Okra, edited by Professor Chidi T. Maduka, addressed Okara's "place in African literature and the fact that he has not been given his full due in African literature", which was partly attributable, said Lindsay Barrett, to Okara (like himself) not having been "university-based", while Odia Ofeimun acknowledged Okara as "not just the oldest writer but a foundational producer of the literary arts in our part of the world."<ref>Anote Ajeluorou, "Gabriel Okara… Restoring the genius of Africa’s oldest living poet", The Guardian (Nigeria), 5 May 2017.</ref>

Awards and honours

• 1953: Best All-Round Entry In Poetry at the Nigerian Festival of Arts, for "The Call of the River Nun"<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 1979: Commonwealth Poetry Prize, for The Fisherman's Invocation<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2005: NLNG Prize, for The Dreamer, His Vision<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• 2009: Pan African Writers' Association Honorary Membership Award<ref>"Chronology", Gabriel Okara: Collected Poems (2016).</ref><ref>Evelyn Osagie, "Echoes of Achebe’s works at writers’ show", The Nation (Nigeria), 25 November 2015.</ref>
• 2017: Gabriel Okara Literary Festival<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Selected bibliography

• 1964: The Voice, London: Deutsch, first edition; Heinemann African Writers Series (No. 68), 1970. Africana Publishing, Template:ISBN.
• 1978: The Fisherman's Invocation (poems)
• 1981: Little Snake and Little Frog (for children)
• 1992: An Adventure to Juju Island (for children)
• 2005: The Dreamer, His Vision(20) (poems)
• 2006: As I See It (poems)
• 2016: Collected Poems (edited and with an introduction by Brenda Marie Osbey), University of Nebraska Press, African Poetry Book Series, Template:ISBN.

Further reading

• Echeruo, Michael J.C. "Gabriel Okara: a Poet and His Seasons." World Literature Today, 1992: 454–456
• Mark Willhardt, Who's Who in 20th Century World Poetry, Routledge (2001, Template:ISBN), p. 237.
• Eldred Ibibiem Green, Gabriel Okara: The Man and His Art. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Onyoma Research Publications, 2007.

External links

• Sumaila Umaisha, "Gabriel Imomotimi Gbaingbain Okara: The Poet of the Nun River — interview", African Writing, No. 6.