George Wallace Jones

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder George Wallace Jones (April 12, 1804 – July 22, 1896) was an American frontiersman, entrepreneur, attorney, and judge, was among the first two United States Senators to represent the state of Iowa after it was admitted to the Union in 1846. A Democrat who was elected before the birth of the Republican Party, Jones served over ten years in the Senate, from December 7, 1848, to March 3, 1859. During the American Civil War, he was arrested by Federal authorities and briefly jailed on suspicion of having pro-Confederate sympathies.

Early life

Jones was born in Vincennes, Indiana.<ref name="Obit">Template:Cite news Template:Open access</ref> He was the son of John Rice Jones, who became active in efforts directed toward the introduction of slavery to the country north of the Ohio River.<ref name=parish>John Carl Parish, "George Wallace Jones," pp. 4-10, 30 (Iowa City: Iowa St. Hist. Soc. 1912).</ref> When George was six years old, his father moved the family to Missouri Territory, recently acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase.<ref name=parish/> As a child he served as a drummer for a volunteer company in the War of 1812.<ref name="Obit"/><ref name=Gue>Benjamin F. Gue, "History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century," Vol. 4 (George W. Jones), pp. 146-47 (1902).</ref> He later moved to Kentucky where he attended Transylvania University in 1825, and returned to Missouri to study law with his brother.<ref name=parish/> After he was admitted to the bar and had practiced law for a short time, he went to work at Sinsinawa Mound, then in Michigan Territory, where he mined lead and worked and a storekeeper. He returned to Missouri, where he courted and married seventeen-year-old Josephine Gregiore in 1829.<ref name=parish/> In 1831 Jones returned to Sinsinawa with his wife, seven slaves and several French laborers, to resume lead mining.<ref name=parish/>

In 1832, Jones fought the Sauk and Meskwaki in the Black Hawk War,<ref name="Obit"/> in which his brother-in-law Felix St. Vrain was killed. Jones was a judge in the local county court.

Delegate to Congress from territories

Jones was a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives from both Michigan Territory and Wisconsin Territory. Uncertainty over precisely when his terms began and ended led to a contested election that was settled by the House, in favor of his opponent, in 1839.

Election and service as delegate

Jones was elected to represent Michigan Territory as its at-large delegate in the 24th Congress.<ref name=Parish14>Parish 1912, p. 14.</ref> Part of the territory was in the process of becoming the state of Michigan, and already had a de facto state government in place, so Jones helped push forward legislation to create a new Territory of Wisconsin comprising what remained of Michigan Territory. That legislation became law on April 20, 1836, and Wisconsin Territory came into existence on July 4 of that year.<ref name=Parish18_19>Parish 1912, pp. 18–19.</ref>

An election was held in October 1836 to choose the new territory's Congressional delegate, and Jones won.<ref name=Hinds>Template:Cite book</ref> He took his seat at the opening of the next session of Congress on December 5, 1836, as the delegate from the Territory of Wisconsin.<ref name=Hinds/><ref>Parish 1912, p. 23.</ref> In that position he successfully persuaded voting members to support the designation of areas of Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River as Iowa Territory.<ref name=parish/> In February 1838, he served as second to Jonathan Cilley, a Congressman from Maine, in his duel with William J. Graves, a Congressman from Kentucky, in which Cilley was fatally wounded. The outpouring of anger over four Congressmen being involved in a fatal duel led to a House committee recommending censure for Jones and expulsion for Graves, but no such action was taken before the end of the session.<ref>Parish 1912, pp. 25–26.</ref>

Contested election

In September 1838, Jones lost an election to James Duane Doty to serve as the Wisconsin Territory's delegate to Congress. Jones went to Washington to take his seat for the session beginning that December, reasoning that his term through January 26, 1837, had been as the delegate from Michigan Territory, and thus he was entitled to a full two-year term beginning March 4, 1837, as the delegate from Wisconsin Territory. He believed Doty should not be seated until his own term expired on March 4, 1839.<ref name=Hinds/><ref>Parish 1912, p. 27–29.</ref> At the opening of the session, Isaac Crary of Michigan moved that Doty, also in attendance, be seated, and the matter was referred to the Committee on Elections. The committee determined that Michigan Territory had ceased to exist on June 15, 1836, and thus Jones had ceased to be its delegate at the same time, notwithstanding that Crary had not been seated as the new state of Michigan's representative until January 27, 1837, the day after statehood was officially granted.<ref name=Hinds/> The committee reported in favor of Doty on December 21, and on January 3, 1839, the full House voted to seat Doty. Joshua Giddings of Ohio attempted to deny Jones payment for his travel to Washington and the month of salary he had claimed, but the full House voted to honor his claim in spite of its determination that he was not entitled to the seat.<ref>Parish 1912, p. 30–31.</ref>

Other territorial offices

President Martin Van Buren appointed him as Surveyor-General of the Wisconsin and Iowa Territories, where he served (most likely in Dubuque, in Iowa Territory) from early 1840 until the end of the Van Buren administration in 1841. In 1845, following the election of another Democrat, James K. Polk, as president, he was reappointed Surveyor-General of Iowa Territory,<ref name=parish/> one year before the southeastern eastern area of Iowa Territory became the State of Iowa.

George W. Jones in his elder years

U.S. Senate

Jones represented Iowa in the United States Senate from December 7, 1848, to March 3, 1859. For its first two years, the Iowa General Assembly failed to choose Iowa's first U.S. Senators, due to a three-way split that prevented any candidate from earning the required number of 30 legislators' votes.<ref name=clark1>Dan Elbert Clark, "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa," pp. 17–46 (Iowa 1913).</ref> However, after the 1848 elections gave the Democratic Party a greater share of Iowa legislators, Jones became a candidate for one of the two seats, and after four ballots won the Democratic caucuses' nomination for one of the two seats.<ref name=clark/> He won the election and then, by drawing lots, received the seat with the longer term (to expire in four years).<ref name=clark/> He won re-election (to a full six-year term) in 1852, after winning renomination by the Democratic Party by a single vote.<ref name=clark/>

Jones was Chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills, the Committee on Pensions, and the Committee on Enrolled Bills. He served two terms before failing to be renominated. Jones had become increasingly unpopular in Iowa, even among those in his own party, because he often voted with southern Senators on slavery-related issues.<ref name=cole>Cyrenus Cole, A History of the People of Iowa, p. 313 (Torch Press 1921).</ref> As a senator, Jones was described by his biographer as a "Democrat in politics and a southerner by instinct."<ref name=parish/> He claimed to oppose slavery (despite his own slaveholding past) but insisted that Congress had no right to forbid it or criticize it where states chose to allow it.<ref name=parish/> Thus, he supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act. That stance, while unremarkable at the time, ultimately rendered him incapable of re-election in a state whose antislavery, anticompromise faction became dominant midway in Jones' second term, as the new Republican Party.<ref name=parish/> After his term ended, no Iowa Democrat would win election to the U.S. Senate until the 1920s. His ten years in the Senate were not matched by any Iowa Democrat until 1950, after Guy M. Gillette was elected a third time.

Later life

In 1858, the Democratic Party in Iowa, like those in other northern states, was bitterly divided over the support that its own president, James Buchanan, gave for the adoption by Kansas Territory and Congress of the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution. Jones had voted to approve the Lecompton Constitution in the Senate. When anti-slavery Iowa Democrats passed a resolution at their 1858 state convention repudiating the party's previous support for the Lecompton Constitution, Jones and others in the party's "old guard" walked out.<ref name=clark>Olynthus B. Clark, "The Politics of Iowa During the Civil War and Reconstruction," pp. 12-13 (Iowa City: Clio Press 1911).</ref>

In 1859, President Buchanan appointed Jones as Minister Resident of the United States to New Granada (encompassing modern Colombia and Panama), requiring his relocation to Bogotá.

His service in Bogotá ended just as the Civil War broke out, as the Abraham Lincoln administration succeeded the Buchanan administration. Jones' two sons joined the Confederate Army.<ref name=parish/> Upon returning to the United States in 1861, Jones was arrested by order of Secretary of State William H. Seward on the charge of disloyalty,<ref>"Arrest of Senator Jones," New York Times, 1861-12-21 at p. 1.</ref> based upon correspondence with his friend, Confederate President Jefferson Davis. He was never indicted or placed on trial. Jones was held for 34 days, until he was released by order of President Lincoln.

Jones then began a long retirement in Dubuque. In 1892, he was granted a pension by special act of Congress for his services in the Black Hawk War.<ref name=Gue/> On his ninetieth birthday in 1894, Governor Frank D. Jackson and the Iowa General Assembly gave Jones a public reception in recognition of his valuable services in the formative periods of the Territory and State.<ref name=Gue/> He died at his daughter's home in Dubuque on July 22, 1896.<ref name="Obit"/>

Jones County, Iowa and Jones County, South Dakota were named in his honor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1912, the State Historical Society of Iowa published the biography George Wallace Jones, by John Carl Parish.

External links

• Digitized Augustus C. Dodge and George W. Jones letters, MSS 4046 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

• Transcription of above letters

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