Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster

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Major General Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster (22 December 1951 – 9 August 2016) was a British landowner, businessman, aristocrat, Territorial Army general, and peer. He was the son of Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster, and Viola Lyttelton. He was Chairman of the property company Grosvenor Group. In the first-ever edition of The Sunday Times Rich List, published in 1989, he was ranked as the second-richest person in the United Kingdom,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with a fortune of £3.2 billion (approximately £Template:Format price in today's valueTemplate:Inflation/fn), with only Queen Elizabeth II above him.

Born in Northern Ireland, Grosvenor moved from an island in the middle of Lower Lough Erne to be educated at Sunningdale and Harrow boarding schools in the south of England. After a troubled education, he left school with two O-Levels. He entered the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, and served in the Territorial Army, where he was promoted to major-general in 2004.

Via Grosvenor Estates, the business he inherited along with the dukedom in 1979, the Duke was the richest property developer in the United Kingdom and one of the country's largest landowners, with property in Edinburgh, Liverpool, Oxford, Cambridge, Southampton and Cheshire, including the family's country seat of Eaton Hall, as well as Template:Cvt of Mayfair and Belgravia in Central London.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The business also has interests in other parts of Europe. According to The Sunday Times Rich List in 2016, the Duke was worth £9.35 billion, placing him sixth on the list and making him the third-richest British citizen.

The Duke died on 9 August 2016 after suffering a heart attack. The titles then passed to his only son, Hugh.

Family and other businesses

The sixth Duke of Westminster inherited a crush of debt from death duties. With shrewd investments he and his advisors turned the family business, which was no personal wealth of the Grosvenor family anymore, into a healthy business. The sixth Duke of Westminster was a reluctant billionaire. "Given the choice, I would rather not have been born wealthy, but I never think of giving up. I can't sell. It does not belong to me."<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Leslie Field—Tatler journalist and biographer of the second Duke of Westminster—explained why Gerard Grosvenor, the 6th Duke, was not the owner of the Grosvenor capital. In his last will, dated in November 1952, "Bendor" (Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster) provided that his direct survivors would not inherit his capital. Apart from numerous legacies and annuities he created a trust for the benefit of all future dukes. 'The trust was to be controlled in the first instance by his executors, and then by a Board of Trustees of whom the current duke might, or might not, be one. The scheme ensured that the bulk of the fortune would by-pass the three elderly cousins in line to succeed him and devolve upon the future 5th Duke's infant son. Assets were divided into twenty parts and at the time of Bendor's death, the present Duke (the 6th), received three parts. His portion was doubled when William, the 3rd Duke died in 1963, increased to nine-twentieths when Gerald the 4th and childless Duke, his uncle, died in 1967, and to twelve-twentieths when his father, the 5th Duke, died in 1979. Although Gerald the 4th and Robert the 5th Dukes controlled their Estate income absolutely, the capital value was held ‘in fee simple' by the trustees.'<ref>Leslie Field, Bendor. The Golden Duke of Westminister (London 1983) 271. Tom Quinn writes in his critical book The Reluctant Billionaire about the last will of the second duke and gives it a spin. He says he quotes Leslie Field. Comparison of both quotations learn Quinn's quotation is not similar to the text by Leslie Field.</ref>

The Grosvenor family became very rich as a result of lease constructions in Great Britain. In the 17th century Sir Thomas Grosvenor married Mary Davies, owner of land near London. Their son Richard (1689–1732) adopted the lease construction. In the explanation of Tom Quinn, in his critical book about the sixth Duke of Westminster: 'Rather than build houses himself, he adopted the system favoured by many landowners [...] at the time: he sold building leases on what is now Mayfair. The idea was that the buyer of a lease would build a house and then sell on the lease. The householder had the use of the house for sixty or a hundred years and the land then reverted to the Grosvenors. The value of improvements made at the expense of the leaseholder would all revert to the landowner after the expiration of the lease—an injustice created by the landed aristocracy for their own benefit and challenged only in the 1990s by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.'<ref>Tom Quinn, The Reluctant Billionaire. The Tragic Life of Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster (London 2018) 23.</ref>

The Grosvenor family's first development was in Mayfair, Central London, in the early 18th century; the second big development came around 100 years later and was in another exclusive part of London—Belgravia, developed by the family after the end of Napoleonic Wars and the conversion of Buckingham Palace—which is just one mile east. After developing the two parts of Central London, the family business expanded. During the second half of the 20th century, the business expanded into the Americas and developed Annacis Island and Vancouver, both in British Columbia in the west of Canada in the 1950s. The family business started developing in Australia in the 1960s. They moved to Asia in the early 1990s and to Continental Europe just before the millennium. In April 2000, the firm moved into new London offices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The business was headed by the 6th Duke himself, who was Chairman of the Trustees of the Grosvenor Group.<ref name=":1"/>

The Duke was also Director of Claridge's Hotel from 1981 until 1993, and of Marcher Sound from 1992 until 1997.<ref name= ww>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early life

As a child, the Duke lived on an island in the middle of Lower Lough Erne in Northern Ireland (Ely Lodge, Blaney, County Fermanagh). His early education was in Northern Ireland before he was sent at age seven to Sunningdale School in Ascot, followed by Harrow. Because of his Fermanagh accent, the Duke struggled to fit in at first, and even after his accent was "bullied" out of him, he found it difficult to make friends. His sense of isolation became worse after the death in 1967 of his uncle, the 4th Duke. His schoolmates ostracised him because the newly styled Earl Grosvenor became the heir to the Grosvenor fortune. "One's so-called friends," he recalled, "disappeared like snow in the summer."<ref>The Times, 11 August 2016: "The Duke of Westminster" - Obituary.</ref> Unhappy at boarding school, his education suffered.<ref name="did">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He left school with two O‑Levels in history and English.<ref name="did"/><ref name="theguardian">Template:Cite news</ref>

Military career

As Earl Grosvenor he joined the Territorial Army in 1970, as a trooper, family estate responsibilities having caused him to abandon a Regular Army career in the 9th/12th Lancers.<ref>[1]Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 10 August 2016.</ref> After entering RMA Sandhurst in 1973, he passed out as an officer cadet and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve of the Royal Armoured Corps (Queen's Own Yeomanry) on 13 May 1973.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was promoted to lieutenant on 13 May 1975 and to captain on 1 July 1980.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was promoted to the acting rank of major on 1 January 1985 and to the substantive rank on 22 December.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 April 1992, he subsequently commanded the North Irish Horse, the Cheshire Yeomanry Squadron, founded by his ancestors, and the Queen's Own Yeomanry.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was promoted to colonel on 31 December 1994 and was appointed honorary colonel of the 7th Regt Army Air Corps (1 January 1996) and the Northumbrian Universities Officer Training Corps (30 November 1995).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Promoted to brigadier on 17 January 2000, he was also appointed Honorary Colonel of the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry on 14 May 2001.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was also appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Royal Westminster Regiment, the North Irish Horse, and as Colonel Commandant Yeomanry.

The Duke was Grand Prior of the Priory of England of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem, 1995–2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2004, he was appointed to the new post of Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets), with promotion in the rank of major-general. In March 2007, having served in the Ministry of Defence as Assistant CDS for four years, he handed over responsibility for 50,000 reservists and 138,000 cadets to Major General Simon Lalor, in the wake of the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal in which Westminster was also implicated. The Duke became Deputy Commander Land Forces (Reserves) in May 2011.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He retired from the Armed Forces in 2012.

Benevolent work for service personnel

The Duke was President of the BLESMA from 1992, and the Yeomanry Benevolent Fund from 2005, national Vice-President of the Royal British Legion from 1993, and the Reserve Forces' Ulysses Trust from 1995, the Not Forgotten Society from 2004, and Chairman of the Nuffield Trust for the Forces of the Crown from 1992, all until his death. He was Vice-President of the Royal Engineers Music Foundation 1990–94.<ref name=ww/>

In 2011, having already funded a feasibility study, the Duke purchased the estate at Stanford Hall, Nottinghamshire, to make possible the creation of a Defence and National Rehabilitation Centre (DNRC) to provide the highest-quality support for military casualties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Work started on the £300 million project in April 2016,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref> and was completed in 2018 to replace those at Headley Court.<ref name=":2"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Duke remained actively involved in the project until his death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He was Vice-President of the Royal United Services Institute from 1993 until 2012, President of The Tank Museum, Bovington, from 2002, and a committee member of the National Army Museum between 1988–1997 and from 2013 until his death.<ref name=ww/> He was one of the founding trustees on the creation of National Museums Liverpool in 1986.

According to Tom Quinn, in his critical book The Reluctant Billionaire, the sixth Duke mainly acted as figurehead for charities. He rarely gave large sums of money directly to the numerous charities he supported officially. It was only towards the end of his life that he set up a charity himself, to help injured servicemen. In a few years he spent 50 million pounds to set up a rehabilitation centre: the DNRC.<ref>Quinn, Reluctant Billionaire, 145.</ref> Quinn quotes the duke himself: 'In many ways I'm a perfect example of a person who is famous for being famous—I mean a sort of second-rate celebrity! I get invited to things not because I have achieved great things in life but I'm afraid just because I am a duke. I go along with it because what else is there for a duke to do? As I have said many times, we, the aristocracy, in practical terms, are an irrelevance in the modern world. We just cut ribbons, open supermarkets and look the part.'<ref>Quinn, Reluctant Billioniare, 150. Quinn does not mention his source; only it is from an interview given in 1992 shortly after the birth of his son and heir, the present (7th) Duke of Westminster.</ref>

Educational interests

Despite his poor educational attainments, Westminster was given several honorary degrees and fellowships (listed below) in later life and took an outward-looking interest in youth. He was Director of the International Students Trust from 1976 until 1993, Pro-Chancellor of Keele University from 1986 until 1993, Chancellor of Manchester Metropolitan University from 1992 until 2002, and first appointed Chancellor of the University of Chester in 2005, serving until his death.<ref name=ww/>

He was a supporter of The Prince's Trust and was a committee member of the Trust and a Patron from 2001 for North West England.<ref name=ww/>

Sports interests and conservation work

His main personal recreations were field shooting and fishing. He served as President of the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust for 1987–2000 and Vice-President thereafter,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> President of the British Association for Shooting and Conservation from 1992 until 2000, and the Atlantic Salmon Trust from 2004 until his death. He was a member of the MCC and Royal Yacht Squadron and President of Worcestershire County Cricket Club in 1984–1986 and of the Youth Sports Trust 1996–2004.<ref name=ww/>

He was President of the committee planning the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester from 1998, and from 1991 until 1994 had been Director of the committee set up to coordinate the projected 2000 Summer Olympic Games and Paralympics that would have been held at Manchester had the British bid succeeded.<ref name=ww/>

Other charities and organisations

His Grace the 6th Duke of Westminster, Foundation Chancellor of the University of Chester 2005–2016

He served as a judge in Prince Edward's charity television special The Grand Knockout Tournament in 1987.

Personal life

The Duke at his desk in 1988
The grave of the 6th Duke of Westminster

The Duke of Westminster married Natalia Ayesha Phillips, the daughter of Lt-Col. Harold Pedro Joseph Phillips and his wife Georgina Wernher, in 1978. Their children are:

In 1998, the Duke suffered a nervous breakdown and had a severe depression, citing the overwhelming pressures of business and public life.<ref name="theguardian"/> In 2007 he was alleged to have hired escort girls.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Martin van der Weyer, "Grosvenor, Gerald Cavendish, sixth duke of Westminster", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 9 January 2020</ref> His name was mentioned in the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal. Tabloid newspapers suggested that the Duke of Westminster was one of the wealthy clients of the New York-based Emperors Club VIP.<ref>Tom Quinn, The Reluctant Billionaire. The Tragic Life of Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster (London 2018), Chapter 19: "Sex in the city", page 231-249. </ref>

Death

The Duke died on 9 August 2016, aged 64, at Royal Preston Hospital in Preston, Lancashire, after suffering a heart attack at his Abbeystead Estate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A private funeral attended by close relatives was held on 12 August, and a memorial service was held at Chester Cathedral on 28 November.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is buried in the family plot at St Mary's Church, Eccleston.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

That the Grosvenor family stood to pay very little, if any, inheritance tax on his £9 billion fortune led to calls for a review of how the inheritance of trust funds and similar assets are handled in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Honours

Orders

Order of the Bath Royal Victorian Order Order of the British Empire Order of Saint John
Queen Elizabeth II
Silver Jubilee Medal 		Queen Elizabeth II
Golden Jubilee Medal 		Queen Elizabeth II
Diamond Jubilee Medal 		Efficiency Decoration
Volunteer Reserves
Service Medal 		Canadian Forces'
Decoration 		Order of Saint Lazarus Royal Order of Francis I
Country Date Appointment Ribbon Post-nominal letters Notes
United Kingdom 13 January 1987 Commander of the Order of St John CStJ <ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Advanced to KStJ in 1991
11 November 1991 Knight of the Order of St John KStJ <ref name=":0"/><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
1994 Territorial Decoration TD <ref name=":0"/>
30 December 1994 Officer of the Order of the British Empire OBE <ref name=":0"/><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
House of Orléans 1995 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus
United Kingdom 6 February 2002 Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal <ref name=":0"/>
23 April 2003 Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter KG <ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
Canada 2004 Canadian Forces' Decoration CD <ref name=":0"/>
House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 2006 Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Francis I
United Kingdom 14 June 2008 Companion of the Order of the Bath CB <ref name=":0"/><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
6 February 2012 Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
29 May 2012 Volunteer Reserves Service Medal VR <ref name=":0"/>
16 June 2012 Commander of the Royal Victorian Order CVO <ref name=":0"/><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Other

Honorary military appointments

Arms

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Ancestry

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See also

Bibliography

  • Quinn, Tom The Reluctant Billionaire: The Tragic Life of Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, Biteback Publishing 2017.

References

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