Gerlachovský štít
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox mountain
Gerlachovský štít (Template:Audio, translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, German: Gerlsdorfer Spitze, Hungarian: Gerlachfalvi-csúcs), informally referred to as Gerlach, is the highest peak in the High Tatras, in Slovakia, and in the Carpathian Mountains. Its elevation is usually listed at 2654.4 m above sea level. The mountain features a vertical rise of approximately Template:Convert above the valley floor.<ref name="summitpost">Template:Cite summitpost</ref>
Mistaken for an average mountain in the rugged High Tatras range in the more distant past, it has since played a symbolic role in the eyes of the rulers and populations of several Central European nations, to the point that between the 19th and mid-20th century, it had four different names with six name reversals. Due to geopolitical changes, it was successively the highest mountain of the Kingdom of Hungary, and of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia and then Czechoslovakia again within the span of less than three decades of the 20th century.
Gerlachovský štít shares its geology and ecology with the rest of the High Tatras. With the travel restrictions imposed by the Eastern Bloc, the mountain was particularly treasured by Czechs, East Germans, Hungarians, Poles, and Slovaks as a high mountain available for them to climb. Although local authorities have since restricted access to the peak, it continues to attract its share of visitors.
Names
Present
Gerlachovský štít means the "Peak (of the village) of Gerlachov". The Slovak colloquial (unofficial) name is Gerlach. The Polish official names are Gerlach or Gierlach, while its Polish colloquial names are Girlach and Garłuch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Ivan Bohuš 1996">Ivan Bohuš, Od A po Z o názvoch Vysokých Tatier, 1996.</ref> The origin of the name of the village of Gerlachov itself is uncertain. It could be named after a lord of the area, or after the gravel in a nearby river.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Past
The peak's earliest recorded name was the Szepes-German<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kösselberg (Cauldron Mountain) on a map from 1762.<ref>Template:Cite map</ref> The Slovak name of the mountain was first recorded as Kotol, also meaning "Cauldron", in 1821.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Its current name became widely used in the 19th century, and links the mountain to the village of Gerlachov (Carpathian German: Gerlsdorf)) at its foot.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name Gerlsdorfer Spitze (Gerlachov Peak) was used by the first person to identify the mountain as the highest peak in the Tatras in 1838;<ref name="Ludwig Greiner 1839">Template:Cite book</ref> this was rendered as gerlachovský chochol (Gerlach crest) in a Slovak version of his report in 1851.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Once it was determined that the mountain was the highest point in the region, the succession of the authorities that held control over it took an interest in its name and changed it periodically for symbolic reasons. In 1896, as part of Austria-Hungary, it was named after state Emperor Francis Joseph I.<ref name="tatry.info"/> After the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918, the mountain continued to be known simply as Gerlachovský štít because it belonged to the village of Gerlachov. The Polish government, claiming the territory of the High Tatras for Poland, simultaneously called the mountain Szczyt Polski (Polish Peak), but never gained control over it.<ref name="tatry.info">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The new Czechoslovak government changed the name to Štít legionárov (Legionnaires Peak) in honor of the Czechoslovak Legions in 1923, but the name was dropped in favor of the earlier Gerlachovský štít in 1932.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> As a result of the Communist coup d'état in 1948, the mountain was renamed once more − to Stalinov štít (Stalin Peak) in 1949.<ref name="Ivan Bohuš 1996"/> Its traditional name Gerlachovský štít was restored yet again in 1959.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
History
Gerlachovský štít was not always considered the highest mountain in the Tatras. After the first official measurement of peaks in the Tatras during the period of the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century, Kriváň (2,494 m) was considered the highest. Other candidate peaks for the status of the highest mountain at that time were Lomnický štít (2,633 m) and Ľadový štít (2,627 m). The first person to accurately name Gerlachovský štít as the highest peak was the forester Ľudovít (Ludwig) Greiner in 1838.<ref name="Ludwig Greiner 1839"/><ref>źudovít Greiner</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greiner's measurement was formally confirmed by an Austrian Army survey party in 1868. However, it was generally accepted only after the Vienna Military Institute for Geography issued a new, authoritative collection of maps of Central Europe in Template:Circa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Contrary to its title, it actually contained 14 plates: Josef Schlacher, General-Karte von Mittel-Europa. In 12 Blättern. ca. 1875.</ref>
The first confirmed ascent was made by Ján (Johann) Still from the village of Nová Lesná in 1834.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Access
Only members of a national Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) club are allowed to climb the peak on their own.<ref name=parkrules>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other visitors have to take a certified mountain guide. The two easiest routes, usually up the Velická próba and down the Batizovská próba named after their respective valleys, have been protected by chains since 1880.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Because of an exposed section along the Velická próba and tricky orientation especially on the ridge, both are among the more difficult scrambling routes in the High Tatras.<ref name="tatry.nfo.sk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With no snow, guidebooks grade the routes as a II or III climb (UIAA scale)<ref name="summitpost"/> or lower.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The total elevation gain is about Template:Convert for those who spend the night at the Sliezsky Dom Hotel<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or are driven there by a mountain guide, and about Template:Convert for those who hike from Tatranská Polianka. In winter, Gerlachovský štít offers a challenging alpine climb, with mixed climbing and a risk of avalanches.<ref name="summitpost" />
Two multi-pitch routes for technical climbing are on the eastern and south-western walls.<ref name="tatry.nfo.sk"/> Both are exceptionally long and situated on solid granite walls.<ref name="summitpost"/>
The route to Gerlachovský štít falls under the Tatra National Park ordinance, according to which hikers who depart from marked trails may be subject to fines<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> unless they are UIAA members, or are led by a certified mountain guide.<ref name=parkrules/>
Conditions at the summit
Weather
The effects of high-altitude weather on those who ascend Gerlachovský štít may be more pronounced than its altitude alone. The temperature gradient between the Tatra mountain resorts (Template:Convert) and the summit can be steep.<ref>Miluláš Konček and Michał Orlicz, "Teplotné pomery." In: Mikuláš Konček, et al. Klíma Tatier. 1974.</ref> Low air temperature higher up can be masked by high insolation under clear skies, but will take its effect with increased cloud cover.<ref>František Smolen and Mieczysław Kołodziejek, "Žiarenie." In: Mikuláš Konček, et al. Klíma Tatier. 1974.</ref> Combined with windy conditions, the impact may be considerably detrimental even without rain or snow. The summit disappears in the clouds for periods of time on most days,<ref>Jadwiga Orliczowa and Vladimír Peterka, "Oblačnosť a slnečný svit." In: Mikuláš Konček, et al. Klíma Tatier. 1974.</ref> which translates to fog at that elevation and a risk of disorientation.<ref>Stanislav Samuhel, "Je výstup na Gerlach nebezpečný?" Krásy Slovenska, 1966.</ref>
While temperatures are somewhat lower on Gerlachovský štít because of its elevation, the weather and its potential impact on visitors is little different from other summits in the High Tatras both with and without marked trails. The typical daily weather pattern in the summer is a clear morning, clouds gathering by around noon, and occasional showers and storms in the afternoon. The chance of rain is lowest between 9–10 am and peaks between 2–3 pm, with a drop-off after 6 pm. The frequency of storms with lightning (as opposed to rainstorms) on Gerlach's summit and on the other highest ridges is little different from lower elevations.<ref>Kazimierz Chomicz and Ferdinand Šamaj, "Zrážkové pomery." In: Mikuláš Konček, et al. Klíma Tatier. 1974.</ref>
Climate
See also
References
External links
- Template:Cite summitpost
- QTVR 360 degree panorama from the peak Template:Webarchive
- Detailed descriptions of peaks in the High Tatras Template:In lang
- Map of the area Template:Webarchive
Template:Ultras of Europe Template:Highest points of Europe Template:Authority control Template:Good article