Germa
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Germa, Jerma, Jarma, Djourma, Djerma, Djarma (Template:Langx), known in ancient times as Garama, is an archaeological site in Libya. It was the capital of the Garamantian Kingdom.
The Garamantes were a Saharan people<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> living in the Fezzan in the northeastern Sahara Desert. Garamantian power climaxed during the second and the third centuries AD, often in conflict with the Roman Empire to the north. Garama had a population of some four thousand and another six thousand living in villages within a 5 km radius.
The Garamantes often conducted raids across Rome's African frontier, the Limes Tripolitanus, and retreated to the safety of the desert. In 203, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus launched a campaign deep into the Sahara and captured Garama, but he soon abandoned it.<ref>Birley, Anthony. Septimius Severus, the African emperor. (2000), p. 153</ref>
While some sources assert that the city was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 669 AD,<ref>Salem Mohammed ez Zawam, "Mu’jam al Amakin al Jughrafiya fi Libia", Dar wa Maktabat ash Sha’b, Misratah, 2005, p.51.</ref> other sourcesTemplate:Which negate the claim that the city was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi, suggesting instead that a peace treaty was concluded following a conflict between him and the Kanem Empire.
Archaeological work at Germa has most recently been conducted by Prof. David Mattingly's Fazzan Project, which has continued the work of Charles Daniels and Mohammed Ayoub. The Fazzan Project has published four volumes based on its work, titled The Archaeology of Fazzān.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Digital versions of these books have been made freely available under a policy of open access by the Society for Libian Studies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>