Ghetto uprisings

The ghetto uprisings during World War II were a series of armed revolts against the regime of Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1943 in the newly established Jewish ghettos across Nazi-occupied Europe. Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Polish Jews were targeted from the outset. Within months inside occupied Poland, the Germans created hundreds of ghettos in which they forced the Jews to live. The new ghettos were part of the German official policy of removing Jews from public life with the aim of economic exploitation.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The combination of excess numbers of inmates, unsanitary conditions and lack of food resulted in a high death rate among them.<ref name="edelman/upenn">Template:Cite web</ref> In most cities the Jewish underground resistance movements developed almost instantly, although ghettoization had severely limited their access to resources.<ref name="ushmm4"/>

The ghetto fighters took up arms during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust known as Operation Reinhard (launched in 1942), against the Nazi plans to deport all prisoners – men, women and children – to camps, with the aim of their mass extermination.<ref name="ushmm4">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Armed resistance was offered in over 100 locations on either side of Polish-Soviet border of 1939, overwhelmingly in eastern Poland.<ref name=ushmm2011>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="ushmm">Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these uprisings were more massive and organized, while others were small and spontaneous. The best known and the biggest of all Jewish uprisings during the Holocaust took place in the Warsaw Ghetto between 19 April and 16 May 1943,<ref name="ushmm3">Template:Cite web</ref> and in Białystok in August. In the course of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 56,065 Jews were either killed on the spot or captured and transported aboard Holocaust trains to extermination camps before the Ghetto was razed to the ground.<ref name="historynet">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>See also Stroop Report for supplementary data</ref><ref name="zssedu">Template:Cite web</ref> At the Białystok Ghetto, following deportations in which 10,000 Jews were led to the Holocaust trains, and another 2,000 were murdered locally, the ghetto underground staged an uprising, resulting in a blockade of the ghetto which lasted for a full month.<ref name="Bender">Template:Cite book</ref> There were other such struggles, leading to the wholesale burning of the ghettos such as in Kołomyja (now Kolomyia, Ukraine),<ref name="ushmm2">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and mass shootings of women and children as in Mizocz.<ref name="mizocz">Eve Nussbaum Soumerai, Carol D. Schulz, Daily Life During the Holocaust, p. 124. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref name="ushmm17876">Photographs of the Mizocz shootings Template:Webarchive in the USHMM collection (No. 17876, 17877, 17878, 17879). Retrieved 26 October 2015.</ref>

Selected ghetto uprisings during the Holocaust

Template:Main The uprisings erupted in five major cities, 45 provincial towns, 5 major concentration and extermination camps, as well as in at least 18 forced labor camps.<ref name=LermanCenter>Template:Citation.</ref> Notable ghetto uprisings included:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Slonim Ghetto revolt of 29 June 1942
• Łachwa (Lakhva) Ghetto Uprising of 3 September 1942
• Mizoch Ghetto Uprising of 14 October 1942
• Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto prisoner revolt of 10 January 1943
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April – 16 May 1943, organised by the ŻOB and ŻZW
• Częstochowa Ghetto Uprising of 25–30 June 1943
• Będzin Ghetto Uprising also known as the Będzin-Sosnowiec Ghetto Uprising of 3 August 1943
• Białystok Ghetto Uprising 16–17 August 1943, organized by the Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa

To some extent, the final liquidation of other ghettos was also met with armed struggle:

• Kraków Ghetto
• Łódź Ghetto
• Lwów Ghetto
• Lutsk Ghetto
• Marcinkonys Ghetto
• Minsk Ghetto
• Pińsk Ghetto
• Riga Ghetto
• Sosnowiec Ghetto
• Wilno (Vilna) Ghetto – resistance of the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje

See also

• Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe
• Ghetto Fighters' House
• Jewish response to The Forty Days of Musa Dagh

References

• Jewish Armed Resistance and RebellionsTemplate:Dead link on the Yad Vashem website. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
• Template:Cite web