Giuseppe Zanardelli

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Early life

File:Zanardelli Basilicata.jpg

Italian Prime Minister Zanardelli standing on a cart drawn by oxen during a visit to Basilicata in September 1902.

Giuseppe Zanardelli was born in Brescia (Lombardy) on 29 October 1826. He was a combatant in the volunteer corps during the First Italian War of Independence of 1848 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, within the era of Italian unification (Risorgimento). After the lost battle of Novara he went to Pisa to study law, and he returned to Brescia to become a barrister.<ref name=nyt271203>Signor Zanardelli Dead; Ex-Premier of Italy Was Seventy-four Years Old, The New York Times, 27 December 1903</ref><ref name=bio>Template:In lang Biografia Giuseppe Zanardeli, Camera dei deputati, portale storico</ref> For a time earned a livelihood by teaching law, but was molested by the Austrian police and forbidden to teach in consequence of his refusal to contribute pro-Austrian articles to the press.<ref name="EB1911">{{#if: |

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In 1859 he was forced to flee to Switzerland. He moved to Lugano, but returned in time to organize the insurrection of Brescia in the Second Italian War of Independence and welcomed Giuseppe Garibaldi in the city. Enlisted in the Cacciatori delle Alpi (Hunters of the Alps), he remained in the area until the armistice of Villafranca. With the annexation of Lombardy to Piedmont, he was elected to Parliament in Turin.<ref name=bio/>

Elected deputy in 1859, he received various administrative appointments, but only attained a political office in 1876 when the Left, of which he had been a prominent and influential member, came into power.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=seton47/> Zanardelli became a freemason in 1860; he was initiated in the Lodge "Propaganda" of Rome.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In government

In 1876 he became Minister of Public Works in the first government of Agostino Depretis, and Minister of the Interior in the government of Benedetto Cairoli in 1878.<ref name=nyt271203/> In the latter capacity, he drafted the franchise reform, but created dissatisfaction by the indecision of his administrative acts, particularly in regard to the Irredentist agitation, and by his theory of repressing and not in any way preventing crime, which led for a time to an epidemic of murders.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=seton77>Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, p. 77</ref>

Overthrown with Cairoli in December 1878, he returned to power as Minister of Justice in 1881 with the Depretis government, and succeeded in completing the commercial code.<ref name=bio/> He also was the architect of the electoral reform in 1892 which lowered the voting age from 25 to 21, and reduced the minimum tax threshold for voting or allowed an elementary school certificate.<ref name=degrand17/>

Abandoned awhile by Depretis in 1883, he remained in opposition until 1887, when he again joined Depretis as Minister of Justice, retaining his portfolio throughout the ensuing government of Francesco Crispi, until 31 January 1891. During this period he began the reform of the magistracy<ref name="EB1911"/> and promulgated a new penal code, which unified penal legislation in Italy, abolished capital punishment and recognised the workers right to strike.<ref name=bio/><ref name=seton131>Seton-Watson. Italy from liberalism to fascism, p. 131</ref> The code was regarded as a great work by contemporary European jurists.<ref name=nyt271203/>

After the fall of the government of Giovanni Giolitti in 1893, Zanardelli made a strenuous but unsuccessful attempt to form an administration.<ref name=sta081293>"Zanardelli rinuncia il mandato". La Stampa. 8 December 1893.</ref> Elected president of the chamber in 1894 and 1896, he exercised that office with ability until, in December 1897, he accepted the Ministry of Justice in the government of Antonio di Rudinì, only to resign in the following spring on account of dissensions with his colleague, Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta, over the measures necessary to prevent a recurrence of the Bava-Beccaris massacre of May 1898.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=seton191>Seton-Watson. Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 191–92</ref>

Prime minister

Returning to the presidency of the chamber, he again abandoned his post in order to associate himself with the obstructionist campaign against the Public Safety Bill (1899–1900) restricting political activity and free speech, which was introduced by the government of general Luigi Pelloux.<ref name=bio/> He was rewarded by being enabled to form an administration with the support of the Extreme Left upon the fall of the government of Giuseppe Saracco in February 1901.<ref name=nyt150201>"New Italian Ministry". The New York Times. 15 February 1901.</ref> Giolitti became Minister of the Interior in the administration of Zanardelli, and became its real head.<ref name=sarti46>Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 46–48</ref>

Zanardelli focused his attention on the issue of the South: in September 1902 he undertook a journey through Basilicata, as one of the poorest regions in Italy, to see for himself the problems in the Mezzogiorno.<ref name=basilicata>Template:In lang "Zanardelli: il viaggio in Basilicata". Access date: 8 September 2016.</ref><ref name=nyt011002>"Aid for Southern Italy; Premier Zanardelli Promises Two Railways to the Province of Basilicata". The New York Times. 1 October 1902</ref> Zanardelli tenure was handicapped by his declining health, but some social reforms were passed, such as a law for reducing the tax on flour, and laws regulating workmen’s compensation and the labour of women and children, and provisions were made for the treatment of poor people affected by malaria.<ref name="giolitti55">Giolitti (1923). Memoirs of My Life, pp. 155–156</ref>

In 1902, a law was passed that set the minimum working age at 12,<ref name="vecchi147">Vecchi, Giovanni (2017), Measuring Wellbeing, p. 147</ref> while also limiting the working day for female workers to 11 hours.<ref name="clark165">Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 165</ref> That same year, a Supreme Council of Labour was set up as an advisory body "to examine labour issues and to give its opinion on proposed legislation."<ref name="clark166">Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, p. 166</ref> A law introduced on 21 June 1902 authorized the establishment of an agricultural credit institution in Lazio with the power to grant short- and long-term agricultural credit in that province.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> During his tenure, law no. 254 was passed on 31 May 1903, aimed at improving living conditions for workers and to control housing speculation, with the establishment of a Public Housing Institute (Istituto per la Case Popolari). The law was also known as the Luzzatti law, since it was introduced by the deputy Luigi Luzzatti, a member of the opposition at that time.<ref>Mazzola (2016), The sustainable city is possible, p. 52</ref>

However, his proposed divorce bill, although voted in the chamber, had to be withdrawn on account of the strong opposition of the country.<ref name="clark196">Clark (2008), Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, pp. 196–197</ref> He retired from the administration on 21 October 1903 due to his declining health,<ref name="EB1911"/><ref name=nyt221003>"Italian Cabinet Resigns; Its Action Not the Result of the Political Situation but of the Premier's Failing Health". The New York Times. 22 October 1903.</ref> and Giolitti succeeded him as Prime Minister.<ref name=sarti46/> Tired and ill, he died in Maderno on 26 December 1903.<ref name=nyt271203/><ref name=bio/>

In popular culture

On 15 September 1902, Zanardelli stayed at the Imperial Hotel Tramontano, owned by the Commendator Guglielmo Baron Tramontano of Sorrento, who was also the mayor of the city Sorrento. Baron Guglielmo Tramontano asked the musician brothers Giambattista and Ernesto De Curtis to compose and write a song in honour of Zanardelli, and the result became the famous Neapolitan song "Torna a Surriento" (Come Back to Sorrento).

Honours

Template:Flagu: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle – August 1902 – during the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>
Template:Flagu: Grand Cordon of the Order of Osmanieh – September 1902 – during the visit to Constantinople of an Italian Regia Marina squadron.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>
Template:Flagu: Grand Cross of the Légion d'Honneur – November 1902 – ″in testimony of the good relations between France and Italy″.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref>

References

Template:Reflist

Sources

Clark, Martin (2008). Modern Italy: 1871 to the present, Third Edition, London/New York: Routledge, Template:ISBN
De Grand, Alexander J. (2001). The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882–1922, Greenwood.
Giolitti, Giovanni (1923). Memoirs of My Life (translated by Edward Storer). London: Chapman and Dodd Ltd.
Mazzola, Ettore Maria (2016). The sustainable city is possible: A possible strategy for recovering urban quality and local economies. Rome: Gangemi Editore Template:ISBN
Sarti, Roland (2004). Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, New York: Facts on File Inc., Template:ISBN
Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). Italy from liberalism to fascism, 1870–1925, New York: Taylor & Francis, Template:ISBN
Vecchi, Giovanni (2017). Measuring Wellbeing: A History of Italian Living Standards, New York, NY: Oxford University Press Template:ISBN

External links

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Giuseppe Zanardelli

Contents

Early life

In government

Prime minister

In popular culture

Honours

References

Sources

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Giuseppe Zanardelli

Early life

In government

Prime minister

In popular culture

Honours

References

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External links

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