Gleicheniales

Gleicheniales is an order of ferns in the subclass Polypodiidae (the leptosporangiate ferns). The Gleicheniales has spore records potentially as early as the Early Carboniferous,<ref name="mamontovetal2024">Template:Cite journal</ref> but the oldest unambiguous macrofossil records date to the Early Permian.

Description

These ferns are characterized by root steles having 3–5 protoxylem poles and antheridia with 6–12 narrow, twisted or curved cells in their walls,<ref name = smithetal2006 /> Gleichenia-type spore wall ultrastructure.<ref name = mamontovetal2024 /> Otherwise, their habitus is highly diverse, including plants with the typical fern fronds, others whose leaves resemble those of palm trees, and yet others again which have undivided leaves. They are tropical ferns, most diverse in Asia and the Pacific region.

Classification

In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the Gleicheniales were placed in class Polypodiopsida (the leptosporangiate ferns). Three families, Dipteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, and Matoniaceae were recognized.<ref name="smithetal2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009)<ref name="christenhusz-etal-2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> reclassified Smith's Polypodiopsida as subclass Polypodiidae and placed the Gleicheniales there. The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed,<ref name="christenhusz-etal-2011" /> and that circumscription and placement in Polypodiidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014)<ref name="christenhusz-chase-2014">Template:Cite journal</ref> and PPG I (2016).<ref name="PPGI">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The fossil taxon Microphyllopteris is used for some Mesozoic Gleicheniales that cannot be reliably assigned to the present-day orders. The Triassic Antarctipteris and Gleichenipteris are sometimes ascribed to the Gleicheniaceae, but are probably better considered Gleicheniales incertae sedis.<ref name = smithetal2006 /> The oldest possible macrofossils of the Gleicheniales stem group are members of the genus Oligocarpia (fertile fronds) from the Carboniferous. However, these have alternatively been considered members of fossil family Sermayaceae. The oldest evidence of stem (basal) group of Gleicheniales was discovered in the wall ultrastructure of miospores Maiaspora from the Visean (Middle Mississippian) of Russia and United Kingdom.<ref name = mamontovetal2024 /> The oldest unambiguous macrofossil records, belonging to the stem member of family Gleicheniaceae, are known from the Wuda Tuff flora of China, dating to the Asselian, approximately 298.34 million years ago.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In historical treatments, the order has sometimes been treated as a subclass Gleicheniatae of the Pteridopsida, with the taxa treated as families here upranked to orders, so that a distinct subclass can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In other treatments, they were expanded to include the filmy ferns (order Hymenophyllales), as well as the similar-looking genus Hymenophyllopsis (as order Hymenophyllopsidales). The resultant group was treated as class Gleichenopsida alongside the Pteridopsida, which would then be limited to the leptosporangiate ferns. However, this class is not monophyletic but rather a basal grade, retaining ancient traits among the living ferns.<ref name = smithetal2006 /> Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniales were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon at such a low rank.<ref name = smithetal2006 />

Lehtonen 2011, Choo & Escapa 2018<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Nitta et al. 2022<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

References

• Template:Aut (2006): A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3): 705–731. PDF fulltext