Golan

Golan (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is the name of a biblical town, later known from the works of Josephus (first century CE) and Eusebius (Onomasticon, early 4th century CE).<ref name="NegevGibson">Template:Cite book</ref> Archaeologists localize the biblical city of Golan at Sahm el-Jaulān,<ref name="Arav">Template:Cite book</ref> a Syrian village east of Wadi ar-Ruqqad in the Daraa Governorate, where early Byzantine ruins were found.<ref name="Arav"/> Israeli historical geographer, Zev Vilnay, tentatively identified the town of Golan with the Goblana (Gaulan) of the Talmud<ref>Jerusalem Talmud (Avodah Zarah chapter 2; Megillah, chapter 3)</ref> which he thought to be the ruin ej-Jelêbîne on the Wâdy Dabûra, near the Lake of Huleh, by way of a corruption of the site's original name.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Etymology

In the Bible, Golan is mentioned as a city of refuge in the Bashan (Deuteronomy 4:43, Joshua 20:8 and 1 Chronicles 6:71).<ref name=EAMyers>Template:Cite book</ref> The name derives from the Semitic root g-w-l "to move in circle" with the suffix -ān commonly used to form toponyms, with the sense "surrounded".<ref name="etymology">"Ancient faiths embodied in ancient names: or, An attempt to trace the religious belief ... of certain nations", by Thomas Inman, 1872 History, page 551</ref><ref name="etymology2">Template:Cite book</ref>

The shift in the meaning of Golan, from a town to a broader district or territory, is first attested by the Jewish historian Josephus. His account likely reflects Roman administrative changes implemented after the Great Jewish Revolt (66–73 CE).<ref name=":9">Template:Citation</ref> The name Golan Heights was not used before the 19th century.<ref name="EAMyers" />

The Greek name for the region is Template:Lang (Template:Lang).<ref name="MosheSharon" /> In the Grecized form Gaulanitis (Template:Langx), it is the name of the region apparently named for the town of Golan.<ref name="NegevGibson" /> During much of the Hellenistic period, the region was part of the Seleucid Empire.<ref name="NegevGibson" /> In Roman times it was shared between the Roman provinces of Judaea and Phoenice.<ref name="hisoma">The history and antiquities of al-Golan - International Conference Template:Webarchive, Al-Bassel Center for Archaeological Research and Training, 2007-2008.</ref>

In the Mishnah the name is Template:Lang similar to Aramaic language names for the region: Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang.<ref name="MosheSharon">Template:Cite book</ref> The Arabic name is Template:Lang,<ref name="MosheSharon" /> sometimes romanized as Template:Lang, which is an Arabized version of the Canaanite and Hebrew name.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Arab cartographers of the Byzantine period referred to the area as a mountain, though the region is a plateau.Template:Sfn According to Vilnay, the village took its name from the district Gaulanitis (Golan). The ruin is not far from the Daughters of Jacob Bridge. The traces of the town were described by G. Schumacher in the late 19th-century as being "a desert ruin", having "no visible remains of importance, but [having] the appearance of great antiquity."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Hebrew Bible

The area is referred to in the Hebrew Bible as the territory of Manasseh in the conquered territory of Bashan: Golan was the most northerly of the three cities of refuge east of the Jordan River (Template:Bibleverse). Manasseh gave this Levitical city to the Gershonite Levites (Template:Bibleverse; Template:Bibleverse). According to the Bible, the Israelites conquered Golan, taking it from the Amorites.

Persian period

During the Persian period (c. 539–332 BCE) the Golan region, together with the Bashan, formed the satrapy of Karnaim.<ref name="NegevGibson"/>

Hellenistic and Early Roman periods

Now named Gaulanitis, the area formed a district all by itself during the early Hellenistic period.<ref name="NegevGibson"/> Once the Seleucid Empire started its gradual collapse, the Golan became a target for Iturean and other Arab tribes.<ref name="Dar">Template:Cite book</ref> At the same time it was enveloped by the regional wars fought by Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus (r. 103-76 BCE) against the Nabatean kings Obodas I and Aretas III between ca. 93–80 BCE, leading to the conquest of the Golan by Jannaeus.<ref name="Dar"/>

In 63 BCE the entire former Seleucid realm was conquered by Roman general Pompey,<ref name="Dar"/> and the Golan is settled by the Itureans.<ref name="NegevGibson"/> In 23 BCE the Jewish king Herod the Great, a client ruler loyal to Rome, receives the rule over the wider Hauran region. He leaves it to his heirs, who hold it until the death of Agrippa II at the end of the first century CE.<ref name="NegevGibson"/><ref name="Dar"/>

The city of Golan was known to Josephus. It formed the eastern boundary of Galilee and was part of the tetrarchy of Philip. It was described by Eusebius in his Onomasticon as a large village that gave its name to the surrounding country.

Late Roman and Byzantine periods

The region was prosperous between the 2nd and the 7th century CE when pagan communities were step by step replaced by Christian ones.<ref name="hisoma"/> A different view is that the Christians of the Golan were Ghassanids, an Arab tribe originally from Yemen, used by the Byzantines as frontier guards since the end of the 5th century.<ref name="NegevGibson"/> An important Jewish presence was attested by archaeology since the Roman period in the Golan, and by the 6th century the population of the Byzantine Golan was made up by Jews and Christian Ghassanids.<ref name="NegevGibson"/>

The Golan was prosperous during the Roman and Byzantine periods, but had a purely rural character and lacked any larger towns.<ref name="NegevGibson"/>