Gord (archaeology)

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File:Visualization of Poznań at the end of the 10th century.jpg
Visualization of the Poznań gród, Poland at the end of the 10th century

A gord is a medieval Slavonic fortified settlement, usually built on strategic sites such as hilltops (a hillfort), riverbanks, lake islets or peninsulas between the 6th and 12th centuries in Central and Eastern Europe. A typical gord consisted of a group of wooden houses surrounded by a wall made of earth and wood, and a palisade running along the top of the bulwark.

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Etymology

File:Góra Birów w Podzamczu - panoramio.jpg
Section of a reconstructed hilltop gród at the village of Birów near Ogrodzieniec, Poland
File:Gorod PL.PNG
Towns and villages in Poland with names derived from gród (magenta circles)

The term ultimately descends from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root Template:Wikt-lang 'enclosure'. The Proto-Slavic word Template:Lang later differentiated into grad (Cyrillic: град), gorod (Cyrillic: город), gród in Polish, gard in Kashubian, etc.<ref Name="Taylor1898">Template:Cite book</ref><ref Name="Taylor1864">Template:Cite book</ref><ref Name="Anthropologische">Template:Cite book</ref> It is the root of various words in modern Slavic languages pertaining to fences and fenced-in areas (Belarusian гарадзіць, Ukrainian городити, Slovak ohradiť, Czech ohradit, Russian оградить, Serbo-Croatian ograditi, and Polish ogradzać, grodzić, to fence off). It also has evolved into words for a garden in certain languages.

Additionally, it has furnished numerous modern Slavic words for a city or town:

The names of many Central and Eastern European cities harken back to their pasts as gords. Some of them are in countries which once were but no longer are mainly inhabited by Slavic-speaking peoples.

Examples include:

File:Thunau am Kamp Reconstructed Slavic gatehouse 03.JPG
A reconstructed Slavic gord gatehouse in Thunau am Kamp, Austria.

The words in Polish and Slovak for suburbium, podgrodzie and podhradie correspondingly, literally mean a settlement beneath a gord: the gród/hrad was frequently built at the top of a hill, and the podgrodzie/podhradie at its foot. (The Slavic prefix pod-, meaning "under/below" and descending from the Proto-Indo-European root Template:Wikt-lang, meaning foot, being equivalent to Latin sub-). The word survives in the names of several villages (Podgrodzie, Subcarpathian Voivodeship) and town districts (e.g., that of Olsztyn), as well as in the names of the German municipalities Puttgarden, Wagria and Putgarten, Rügen.

From this same Proto-Indo-European root come the Germanic word elements *gard and *gart (as in Stuttgart), and likely also the names of Graz, Austria and Gartz, Germany. Cognate to these are English words such as garden, yard, garth, girdle and court.<ref>ON. garðr; goth. gards; den. -gaard; island. -gard; cimb. -garthur; aleman. -gardo; welsh. -gardd; holln. -gaerde; span. -gardin; pomern. -gard; slav. -grod, -hrad</ref><ref>A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Oxford. 1911; and Jane Chance, "Tolkien and the invention of myth", 70</ref>

Construction

File:Fragment of the Slavic wharf in Gdańsk, 10-12th cent., Nar.Muz.Mor., Gdańsk, Poland.jpg
A cross section of early Slavic gród bulwarks and wharf in Gdańsk, Poland
File:Karte Freilichtmuseum Groß Raden.png
A layout map of the West Slavic fortified settlement (gord) in Groß Raden, Germany

A typical gord was a group of wooden houses built either in rows or in circles, surrounded by one or more rings of walls made of earth and wood, a palisade, and/or moats. Some gords were ring-shaped, with a round, oval, or occasionally polygonal fence or wall surrounding a hollow. Others, built on a natural hill or a man-made mound, were cone-shaped. Those with a natural defense on one side, such as a river or lake, were usually horseshoe-shaped. Most gords were built in densely populated areas on sites that offered particular natural advantages.

As Slavic tribes united to form states, gords were also built for defensive purposes in less-populated border areas. Gords in which rulers resided or that lay on trade routes quickly expanded. Near the gord, or below it in elevation, there formed small communities of servants, merchants, artisans, and others who served the higher-ranked inhabitants of the gord. Each such community was known as a suburbium (literally "undercity") (Template:Langx). Its residents could shelter within the walls of the gord in the event of danger. Eventually the suburbium acquired its own fence or wall. In the High Middle Ages, the gord usually evolved into a castle, citadel or kremlin, and the suburbium into a town.

Some gords did not stand the test of time and were abandoned or destroyed, gradually turning into more or less discernible mounds or rings of earth (Russian gorodishche, Polish gród or grodzisko, Ukrainian horodyshche, Slovak hradisko, Czech hradiště, German Hradisch, Hungarian hradis and Serbian gradiška/градишка). Notable archeological sites include Groß Raden in Germany and Biskupin in Poland.

Important gords in Central and Eastern Europe

Austria

Belarus

Czech Republic

Germany

Rügen

Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania

Berlin-Brandenburg

Saxony-Anhalt

Schleswig-Holstein

Bavaria

Poland

File:Owidz, grodzisko.JPG
Part of the reconstructed Template:Lang in Owidz, Kociewie region, Poland

Russia

Slovakia

Ukraine

See also

References

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