Gdańsk

GdańskTemplate:Efn (Template:Langx;Template:Efn Template:LangxTemplate:Efn) is a city on the Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.Template:TERYT With a population of 486,492,<ref name="population">Template:Cite web Data for territorial unit 2261000.</ref> it is Poland's sixth-largest city and its major seaport.<ref name="lvhmzm">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Gdańsk lies at the mouth of the Motława River and is situated at the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay, close to the city of Gdynia and the resort town of Sopot; these form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of approximately 1.5 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gdańsk was first mentioned in 997 as part of the early Polish state, and thereafter grew into a trading town under the Piast and Samboride dynasties.<ref name="Gdańsk na przestrzeni dziejów">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="polskatampabay.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Shifting between Polish and Teutonic control during the Middle Ages, it subsequently joined the Hanseatic League and, with considerable autonomy, served as Poland's principal seaport and largest city until the early 18th century. With the Partitions of Poland, the city was annexed by Prussia in 1793, and was integrated into the German Empire in 1871. It was a free city from 1807 to 1814 and from 1920 to 1939. On 1 September 1939, it was the site of a military clash at Westerplatte, one of the first events of World War II. The contemporary city was shaped by extensive border changes, expulsions and resettlement after 1945. In the 1980s, Gdańsk was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union and movement, which helped precipitate the collapse of communism in Europe.

The city is home to the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, the National Museum, the Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre, the Museum of the Second World War, the Polish Baltic Philharmonic, the Polish Space Agency and the European Solidarity Centre. Among Gdańsk's most notable historical landmarks are the Town Hall, the Green Gate, Artus Court, Neptune's Fountain, and St. Mary's Church, one of the largest brick churches in the world. The city is served by Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, the country's third busiest airport and the most important international airport in northern Poland.

Gdańsk is among the most visited cities in Poland, having received 3.4 million tourists according to data collected in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city also hosts St. Dominic's Fair, which dates back to 1260,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and is regarded as one of the biggest trade and cultural events in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a 2019 quality of life ranking, Gdańsk achieved the highest placement among all Polish cities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its historic city centre has been listed as one of Poland's national monuments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2025, Gdańsk became a UNESCO City of Literature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Names

Etymology

The name of the city was most likely derived from Gdania, a river presently known as Motława on which the city is situated.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other linguists also argue that the name stems from the Proto-Slavic adjective/prefix gъd-, which meant 'wet' or 'moist' with the addition of the morpheme ń/ni and the suffix -sk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

A manuscript fragment featuring gyddaⁿyzc

The name of the settlement was recorded after St. Adalbert's death in 997 CE as urbs Gyddanyzc and it was later written as Kdanzk in 1148, Gdanzc in 1188, Danceke<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in 1228, Gdańsk in 1236,Template:Efn Danzc in 1263, Danczk in 1311,Template:Efn Danczik in 1399,Template:Efn Danczig in 1414, and Gdąnsk in 1656.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In Polish documents, the form Gdańsk was always used. In German-language documents, multiple variants of the name were recorded over time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The cluster "gd" became "d" (Danzc from 1263),Template:Sfn the combination "ns" became "nts" (Danczk from 1311),Template:Sfn and finally an epenthetical "i" broke up the final cluster (Danczik from 1399).Template:Sfn

In Polish, the modern name of the city is pronounced Template:IPA. In English (where the diacritic over the "n" is frequently omitted) the usual pronunciation is Template:IPAc-en or Template:IPAc-en. The German name, Danzig, is usually pronounced Template:IPA, or alternatively Template:IPA in more Southern German-speaking areas. The city's Latin name may be given as either Gedania, Gedanum, or Dantiscum.<ref name="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe 1861, p. 71, 237">Johann Georg Theodor Grässe, Orbis latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Benennungen der bekanntesten Städte etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde nebst einem deutsch-lateinischen Register derselben. T. Ein Supplement zu jedem lateinischen und geographischen Wörterbuche. Dresden: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung (C. A. Werner), 1861, p. 71, 237.</ref>

Ceremonial names

In the Kashubian language, the city is called Template:Lang.<ref name="Stefan Ramułt 1893">Stefan Ramułt, Słownik języka pomorskiego, czyli kaszubskiego, Kraków 1893, Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-87408-64-6.</ref> On special occasions, the city is also referred to as "The Royal Polish City of Gdańsk" (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx).<ref>Gdańsk, in: Kazimierz Rymut, Nazwy Miast Polski, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1987</ref><ref>Hubert Gurnowicz, Gdańsk, in: Nazwy must Pomorza Gdańskiego, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1978</ref><ref>Baedeker's Northern Germany, Karl Baedeker Publishing, Leipzig 1904</ref> Although some Kashubians may also use the name "Our Capital City Gduńsk" (Template:Lang) or "Our [regional] Capital City Gduńsk" (Template:Lang), the cultural and historical connections between the city and the region of Kashubia are debatable and use of such names raises controversy among Kashubians.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

History

Prehistory

The oldest evidence found for the existence of a settlement on the lands of what is now Gdańsk comes from the Bronze Age (which is estimated to be from c. 2500–1700 BC) and the Iron Age (c. 1200–550 BC). Archaeological finds testify to the existence of the Lusatian culture and amber trade along the so-called Amber Road.<ref name="Gdańsk na przestrzeni dziejów"/>

Duchy of Poland and Samborid rule

The settlement that is now known as Gdańsk began in the 9th century, being mostly an agriculture and fishing-dependent village.<ref name="Gdańsk na przestrzeni dziejów"/><ref name="polskatampabay.com"/> In the beginning of the 10th century, it began its transformation into an important centre for trade (especially between the Pomeranians) until its annexation in Template:Circa 975 by Mieszko I.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first written record thought to refer to Gdańsk is a work describing the life of Saint Adalbert. Written in 999, it describes how in 997, Saint Adalbert of Prague baptised the inhabitants of urbs Gyddannyzc, "situated on the edge of the vast state [Duchy of Poland] and touching the seashore."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> No further written sources exist for the 10th and 11th centuries.<ref name=Loew24>Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 24.</ref> Based on the date in Adalbert's vita, the city celebrated its millennial anniversary in 1997.<ref name=Waznyetal>Wazny, Tomasz; Paner, Henryk; Golebiewski, Andrzej; Koscinski, Bogdan: Early medieval Gdańsk/Danzig revisited (EuroDendro 2004), Rendsburg 2004, pdf-abstract Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Archaeological evidence for the origins of the town was retrieved mostly after World War II had laid 90Template:Nbsppercent of the city centre in ruins, enabling excavations.<ref name=LoewWazny>Loew (2011), p. 24; Wazny et al. (2004), abstract Template:Webarchive.</ref> The oldest seventeen settlement levels were dated to between 980 and 1308.<ref name=Waznyetal/> Mieszko I of Poland erected a stronghold on the site in the 980s, thereby connecting the Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty with the trade routes of the Baltic Sea.<ref name=Hess39>Template:Cite book</ref> Traces of buildings and housing from the 10th century have been found in archaeological excavations of the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The site was ruled by the Samborides as part of the Duchy of Pomerelia, a fief of the Duchy of Poland since 1119. According to a 1148 papal bull, Gdańsk was part of the Polish diocese of Włocławek.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Beginning approximately in 1180, the city’s increasing involvement in Baltic trade attracted numerous German settlers, the majority of whom came from Lübeck.<ref name=możejko21-22>Template:Cite book</ref> Henceforth, the site consisted of a settlement at the modern Long Market, settlements of craftsmen along the Old Ditch, the old Piast stronghold and the newly established German merchant settlements around St Nicholas' Church.<ref name=Hess40>Template:Cite book</ref>

Excavated cellars of a 13th-century Dominican monastery in Gdańsk

Since 1227, Świętopełk II ruled Pomerelia as an independent duchy and the town subsequently became part of the Duchy of Gdańsk.<ref name=możejko23>Template:Cite book</ref> It was at this time that Gdańsk became an important trading town on the lower Vistula.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Between 1242–1248 and 1252–1254, Świętopełk fought against the Teutonic Order, who were supported by Lübeck.<ref name=możejko24>Template:Cite book</ref> These conflicts hindered the transformation of the German colony into an autonomous town at this time.<ref name=możejko24/> Migration of merchants to the town resumed in 1257.<ref name="zbierski">Template:Cite book</ref> At the latest in 1263, Pomerelian duke Świętopełk II granted city rights under Lübeck law to the emerging market settlement.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite book</ref> It was an autonomy charter similar to that of Lübeck, which was also the primary origin of many settlers.<ref name=Hess40/> In a document of 1271 the Pomerelian duke Mestwin II addressed the Lübeck merchants settled in the city as his loyal citizens from Germany.<ref name="lingenberg">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>'The Slippery Memory of Men': The Place of Pomerania in the Medieval Kingdom of Poland by Paul Milliman p. 73, 2013</ref>

As Mestwin II was the last male representative of his dynasty, his death in 1294 precipitated a contest for control of the city and its surrounding region, involving the Polish Piast dynasty, the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia, the German Margraves of Brandenburg, and the Teutonic Order.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1300, the town had an estimated population of 2,000.<ref name=Hess40-41>Template:Cite book</ref> While overall the town was not an important trade centre at that time, it had relevance in regional trade.<ref name=Hess40-41/>

Teutonic Order

In 1308, following a rebellion instigated against Template:Ill, the governor of Gdańsk who was appointed by the future king of Poland, Władysław I the Elbow-high,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the town was taken by Brandenburg.<ref name=możejko26>Template:Cite book</ref> Polish forces, under siege in the stronghold, sought aid from the Teutonic Knights, who freed them and proceeded to seize the town, which had previously acknowledged Brandenburg's authority.<ref name=możejko26 /> Subsequently, the Teutonic Order massacred not only the Brandenburg forces and the Pomeranian knights who supported them, but also the town's inhabitants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Błażej Śliwiński (2008) estimates that the overall number of killed was between 50 and 60 Pomeranian and Brandenburg knights, and 1,000 commoners from of the town's population and the adjacent settlements, which he estimates at the time numbered between 2,000 and 3,000 people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Śliwiński & Możejko (2017) give the estimated number of victims as approximately 1,000.<ref name=możejko27>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Smoliński (2021), the death toll is estimated to lie between 60 and 150.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The events were used by the Polish Crown to condemn the Teutonic Order in a subsequent papal lawsuit.<ref name=Boockmann158>Hartmut Boockmann, Ostpreußen und Westpreußen, Siedler, 2002, p. 158, Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Thomas Urban">Thomas Urban: "Rezydencja książąt Pomorskich". Template:In lang Template:Webarchive</ref> After the takeover, the Teutonic Knights faced charges that they committed a massacre in a papal bull issued by Clement V.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Gdańsk Crane, the largest medieval port crane, was completed in 1444.

The Teutonic Knights incorporated the town into their monastic state and instructed the remaining burghers to depart.<ref name=możejko27 /> In 1308, they founded Osiek Hakelwerk near the town, initially as a Lechitic fishing settlement.<ref name=Hess41>Template:Cite book</ref> The Order did not rebuild the town until the mid-1320s, when some of its former inhabitants—primarily Lübeckers, who also brought back the pre-1308 town seal—returned, alongside settlers from other German regions.<ref name=możejko27 /> The town saw a rapid rise in population and became almost completely German; it would become primarily known by its German name, Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1340, the Teutonic Order constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' Komtur.<ref name=Hess4142>Template:Cite book</ref> After a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars, King Casimir of Poland recognized the Teutonic Order’s possession of Danzig and Pomerelia in the Treaty of Kalisz (1343),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Order acknowledge that it would hold Danzig and Pomerelia as a grant from the Polish Crown. By accepting this grant, the Teutonic Order thus recognized the previous rights of Polish monarchs to the seized territories, something which they had previously denied, also this allowed for future claims by the Crown for the territories to be returned.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, potash, tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the Vistula River trading routes. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1346, Teutonic Order changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the Rechtstadt, to Kulm law.<ref name=frankot>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1358, Danzig joined the Hanseatic League, and became an active member in 1361.<ref name=Hess42>Template:Cite book</ref> It maintained relations with the trade centres Bruges, Novgorod, Lisboa, and Sevilla.<ref name=Hess42 /> Around 1377, the Old Town was equipped with city rights as well.<ref name=Loew>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1380, the New Town was founded as the third, independent settlement.<ref name=Hess41 /> Urban growth was mainly driven by migration from German-speaking lands.<ref name="możejko28">Template:Cite book</ref> A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), and the city came under the control of the Kingdom of Poland. A year later, with the First Peace of Thorn, it returned to the Teutonic Order. In 1440, the city participated in the foundation of the Prussian Confederation, an organisation opposed to the rule of the Teutonic Order.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following a fire in 1442, the Crane Gate, one of the city's present-day landmarks, was constructed in 1444 under the sanction of the Order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In a complaint of 1453, the Prussian Confederation mentioned repeated cases in which the Teutonic Order imprisoned or murdered local patricians and mayors without a court verdict.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Kingdom of Poland

Original charter of 1455 by King Casimir IV granting Danzig the right to independently levy and abolish taxes

In 1454, the Prussian Confederation renounced its obedience to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and appealed to King Casimir IV of Poland for the territory’s reintegration into the Kingdom of Poland.<ref>Górski, pp. 51, 56</ref> This led to the Thirteen Years' War between Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order (1454–1466). The local mayor pledged allegiance to the king during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,<ref>Górski, pp. 71–72</ref> and the city again solemnly pledged allegiance to the king in June 1454 in Elbing (Elbląg), recognizing the prior Teutonic annexation and rule as unlawful.<ref>Górski, pp. 79–80</ref> The incorporation considerably strengthened Danzig’s position, as the king granted the city extensive privileges on 16 June 1454.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1455, the king conferred additional rights on the city, including the right to enact its own laws and to impose taxes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 15 May 1457, King Casimir IV granted the town the Template:Ill, after he had been invited by the town's council and had already stayed in town for five weeks.<ref name=Hess45>Template:Cite book</ref> With the Great Privilege, the town was granted full autonomy and protection by the king of Poland.<ref name=Hess45A>Template:Cite book: "Geben wir und verlehen unnsir Stadt Danczk das sie zcu ewigen geczeiten nymands for eynem herrn halden noc gehorsam zcu weszen seyn sullen in weltlichen sachen."</ref> The privilege removed tariffs and taxes on trade within Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia (present day Belarus and Ukraine), and conferred on the town independent jurisdiction, legislation and administration of its territory, as well as the right to mint its own coin, the Danzig thaler.<ref name=Hess45/> Furthermore, the privilege united the Old Town and Main Town and legalised the demolition of New Town, which had sided with the Teutonic Order.<ref name=Hess45/> By 1457, New Town was demolished completely and no buildings remained.<ref name=Hess41/>

Danzig in the 16th century, published by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg

Gaining free and privileged access to Polish markets, the seaport prospered while simultaneously trading with the other Hanseatic cities. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Order, the warfare ended permanently. The Order recognised Danzig’s incorporation into the Kingdom of Poland and the city became part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia (which in 1569 became part of the larger Greater Poland Province). The city was visited by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1504 and 1526, and Narratio Prima, the first printed abstract of his heliocentric theory, was published there in 1540.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the Protestant Reformation, most German-speaking inhabitants adopted Lutheranism.<ref name=Tighe56>Template:Cite book</ref> Following the Reformation, High German soon prevailed in Danzig, where Low German had long served as the administrative language owing to the city’s Hanseatic ties.<ref name=kohlschmidt2001>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1566, High German also replaced Low German as the language of the courts.<ref name=kohlschmidt2001/> After the Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania in 1569, the city continued to enjoy a large degree of internal autonomy (cf. Danzig law).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Being the largest and one of the most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period in Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Apotheosis of Gdańsk by Isaak van den Blocke. The Vistula-borne trade of goods in Poland was the main source of prosperity during the city's Golden Age.

In the 1560s and 1570s, a large Mennonite community started growing in the city, gaining significant popularity.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1575 election to the Polish throne, Danzig supported Maximilian II in his struggle against Stephen Báthory. It was the latter who eventually became monarch, but the city, encouraged by the secret support of Denmark and Emperor Maximilian, shut its gates against Stephen. After the Siege of Danzig, lasting six months, the city's army of 5,000 mercenaries was utterly defeated in a field battle on 16 December 1577. However, since Stephen's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached: Stephen Báthory confirmed the city's special status and its Danzig law privileges granted by earlier Polish kings. The city recognised him as ruler of Poland and paid the large sum of 200,000 guldens in gold as an apology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629, in 1627, the naval Battle of Oliwa was fought near the city, and it is one of the greatest victories in the history of the Polish Navy. During the Swedish invasion of Poland of 1655–1660, commonly known as the Deluge, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by Sweden. In 1660, the war was ended with the Treaty of Oliwa, signed in the present-day district of Oliwa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1677, a Polish-Swedish alliance was signed in the city.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Around 1640, Johannes Hevelius established his astronomical observatory in the Old Town. King John III Sobieski regularly visited Hevelius.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Beside a majority of German-speakers,<ref name=Zamoyski>Template:Cite book</ref> whose elites sometimes distinguished their German dialect as Pomerelian,<ref>Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen, Zwischen polnischer Ständegesellschaft und preußischem Obrigkeitsstaat: vom Königlichen Preußen zu Westpreußen (1756–1806), München: Oldenbourg, 1995, (Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Ostdeutsche Kultur und Geschichte (Oldenburg); 5), zugl.: Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ., Diss., 1993, p. 549</ref> the city was home to a Polish minority.<ref name=Tighe60-62>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1632, the Gdańsk Bible was first published, which was a Polish language translation of holy scriptures that became the Bible of all Evangelical Poles.<ref name="Szeruda">Template:In lang ks. prof. dr Jan Szeruda Geneza i charakter Biblii Gdańskiej Template:Webarchive</ref> Polish influence increased slightly with Danzig’s integration into Poland, but the city retained a pronounced German linguistic and cultural character, a circumstance attributable above all to the ongoing influx of predominantly Protestant settlers, primarily of Dutch, Scottish and German origin, who assimilated into the local German culture.<ref name=Tighe60-62/> The Scots took refuge or migrated to and received citizenship in the city, with first Scots arriving in 1380,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and a French Huguenot commune was founded in 1686.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Due to the special status of the city and significance within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the city inhabitants largely became bi-cultural sharing both German and Polish culture and were strongly attached to the traditions of the Commonwealth.<ref name=Chwalba>Historia Polski 1795–1815 Andrzej Chwalba Kraków 2000, p. 441</ref>

An allegorical portrayal of wealth from 1604. The foreground features affluent citizens and the background presents the hyperbolized city with its landmarks, notably the Torture Tower and the Main City Hall.

The city suffered a last great plague and a slow economic decline due to the wars of the 18th century. After peace was restored in 1721, Danzig experienced steady economic recovery. As a stronghold of Stanisław Leszczyński's supporters during the War of the Polish Succession, it was taken by the Russians after the Siege of Danzig in 1734. In the 1740s and 1750s Danzig was restored and the Danzig port was again the most significant grain exporting ports in the Baltic region.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Danzig Research Society, which became defunct in 1936, was founded in 1743.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1772, the First Partition of Poland took place and Prussia annexed almost all of the former Royal Prussia, which became the Province of West Prussia. However, Danzig remained a part of Poland as an exclave separated from the rest of the country. The Prussian king cut off the city with a military controlled barrier, also blocking shipping links to foreign ports, on the pretense that a cattle plague may otherwise break out.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Danzig declined in its economic significance and lost commercial shares to Elbing, which had come under Prussian control in 1772.<ref name=loew141-142>Template:Cite book</ref> However, by the end of the 18th century, Danzig was still one of the most economically integrated cities in Poland. It was well-connected and traded actively with German cities, while other Polish cities became less well-integrated towards the end of the century, mostly due to greater risks for long-distance trade, given the number of violent conflicts along the trade routes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Prussia, Napoleonic Free City and Germany

Danzig was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1793 in the Second Partition of Poland.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com">Template:Cite web</ref> The population largely opposed the Prussian annexation and wanted the city to remain part of the Kingdom of Poland.<ref>Górski, p. XVI</ref> The mayor of the city stepped down from his office due to the annexation.<ref>Andrzej Januszajtis, Karol Fryderyk von Conradi, "Nasz Gdańsk", 11 (196)/2017, p. 3 (in Polish)</ref> The notable city councilor Johann Uphagen also resigned as a sign of protest against the annexation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An attempted student uprising against Prussia led by Gottfried Benjamin Bartholdi was crushed quickly by the authorities in 1797.<ref>Dzieje Gdańska Edmund Cieślak, Czesław Biernat Wydawn. Morskie, 1969 p. 370</ref><ref>Dzieje Polski w datach Jerzy Borowiec, Halina Niemiec p. 161</ref><ref>Polska, losy państwa i narodu Henryk Samsonowicz 1992 Iskry p. 282</ref>

The combined Russian and Prussian forces besieged Danzig from January 1813 to January 1814.

Danzig’s integration into the Prussian kingdom soon fostered its economic revival. The city regained its significance as a Baltic port, though trade patterns shifted increasingly towards the British market.<ref name=loew148>Template:Cite book</ref> It also benefited from its integration into the Prussian customs territory, which had been expanded considerably since the Second Partition of Poland,<ref name=loew148/> and new postal links to Berlin, Königsberg, and Warsaw, which facilitated communication.<ref name=loew149>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the Napoleonic Wars in 1807, the city was besieged and captured by a coalition of French, Polish, Italian, Saxon, and Baden forces. It then became the Free City of Danzig, a client state of the French Empire, which it remained until 1814, when it was captured by combined Prussian-Russian forces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1815, after France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, the city was restored to Prussia and became the capital of Template:Lang within the province of West Prussia.

Beginning in the 1820s, the Wisłoujście Fortress served as a prison, mainly for Polish political prisoners, including resistance members, protesters, insurgents of the November and January uprisings and refugees from the Russian Partition of Poland fleeing conscription into the Russian Army,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and insurgents of the November Uprising were also imprisoned in Biskupia Górka (Bischofsberg).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> From May to June 1832 and in November 1833, more than 1,000 Polish insurgents departed partitioned Poland through the city's port, boarding ships bound for France, the United Kingdom and the United States (see Great Emigration).<ref>Kasparek, pp. 175–176, 178–179</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The population in 1843 was 62,000 inhabitants.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

An early photograph of Template:Lang, present-day Długa Street, 1855

The city's longest serving mayor was Robert von Blumenthal, who held office from 1841, through the revolutions of 1848, until 1863. In the second half of the 19th century, Danzig experienced railway construction, port expansion, and the growth of industries such as shipbuilding, timber processing, and food production.<ref name=loew163-165>Template:Cite book</ref> Nevertheless, its industrial development lagged behind that of other major Prussian cities.<ref name=loew163-165/> In 1871, Danzig became the first city in Continental Europe to establish a sewer system with wastewater treatment, resulting in a significant improvement in public health.<ref name=loew167>Template:Cite book</ref>

With the unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony in 1871, the city became part of the German Empire and remained so until 1919, after Germany's defeat in World War I.<ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Starting from the 1850s, long-established Danzig families often felt marginalized by the new town elite originating from mainland Germany. This situation caused the Polish to allege that the Danzig people were oppressed by German rule and for this reason allegedly failed to articulate their natural desire for strong ties with Poland.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Free City of Danzig and World War II

An aerial view of the historic city centre around 1920

When Poland regained its independence after World War I with access to the sea as promised by the Allies on the basis of Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points", the Poles hoped the city's harbour would also become part of Poland.<ref name="Amtliche">Template:Cite book</ref> However, in the end – since Germans formed a majority in the city, with Poles being a minority<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> – the city was not placed under Polish sovereignty.

Instead, in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, it became the Free City of Danzig, an independent state under the auspices of the League of Nations with its external affairs largely under Polish control.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite book</ref> Poland's rights also included free use of the harbour, a Polish post office, a Polish garrison in Westerplatte district, and a customs union with Poland.<ref name="auto"/> The Free City had its own constitution, national anthem, parliament, and government. It issued its own stamps and currency, the latter being called the Danzig gulden.<ref name="Amtliche" />

With the growth of Nazism among Germans, anti-Polish sentiment became far more common among local Germans; public Polish-language schools were heavily restricted,<ref name="auto"/> causing its Polish inhabitants to found their own private schools.<ref name=mw40>Wardzyńska, p. 40</ref> In the 1930s, the local branch of the Nazi Party under Albert Forster, a Schutzstaffel member, capitalized on the sentiments of the city's German population to win the next elections to the city's legislature, triggering a wave of repression.<ref name=mw40/> The Danzig city government implemented various discriminatory policies against Poles, including expelling Polish students from the technical university,<ref name=mw41>Wardzyńska, p. 41</ref> forcibly Germanizing dozens of Polish surnames,<ref name=mw41/> removing landmarks that reminded of Polish rule such as the Artus Court<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Neptune's Fountain from the heritage list, prohibiting employment of Poles by German companies, and banning the use of Polish in public places.<ref name=mw42>Wardzyńska, p. 42</ref>

Crowds greet Adolf Hitler as he rides in an open car in Danzig in September 1939.

Attacks and discrimination also came from the citizens of Danzig themselves, who often attacked Polish schools and the youth that attended them<ref name=mw40/> and were disallowed from entering various businesses owned by Germans.<ref name=mw42/> Polish railwaymen were also subjects of beatings.<ref>Wardzyńska, pp. 39-40, 85</ref> Many ethnic Poles were tracked by the Gestapo and, in Operation Tannenberg, arrested and moved to camps such as Stutthof<ref>Museums Stutthof in Sztutowo Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> or executed in the Piaśnica forest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Nazi Germany officially demanded the return of Danzig to Germany along with a German-controlled highway through the area of the Polish Corridor, pursuing a far more aggressive policy in this matter than it had regarding the Sudetenland with Czechoslovakia in 1938.<ref>Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book
Template:Cite book</ref> With Poland's refusal, German–Polish relations deteriorated, ultimately concluding with the beginning of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939.<ref name="Reduta">Template:Cite book</ref> Some of the earliest combat of World War II occurred in Danzig. At 04:45 a.m. on 1 September, the Battle of Westerplatte began with the Template:SMS firing the war's first shots on a Polish military depot there, whilst a small group of men defended the Polish post office in the city for several hours. The defenders were later executed.<ref name="Reduta" />

The German battleship Template:SMS firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot in Westerplatte during the Battle of Westerplatte in September 1939

Within one year of a 1937 pogrom, more than half of the city's Jewish community had left,<ref name=JVL>Template:Cite web</ref> and organized emigration of Jews away from Danzig began after the Kristallnacht riots in 1938.<ref name=Bauer>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1939, regular transports to Mandatory Palestine began. The numbers of the local Jewish community quickly thinned, with only 600 Jews remaining in Danzig by 1941.<ref name=JVL/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=shoa>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of the Jews who remained were transported to the small, single-building Danzig Ghetto.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

During the war, Germany operated a prison in the city,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> an Einsatzgruppen-operated penal camp,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a camp for Romani people,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> two subcamps of the Stalag XX-B prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp within the present-day city limits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1945, as the Red Army neared the area, thousands of civilians fled the city during Operation Hannibal aboard ships such as Template:MV.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It endured heavy Allied and Soviet air raids during the war. Danzig was captured by Polish<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Soviet troops in March 1945. The city was heavily damaged as a result.<ref name="Baziur"/> Soviet soldiers committed large-scale rape and looting, especially of the industrial areas.<ref name="Baziur">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Biskupski, Mieczysław B. The History of Poland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, p. 97.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In line with the decisions made by the Allies at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the fall of communism in Poland in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The remaining German residents of the city who had survived the war fled or were expelled to postwar Germany. The city was repopulated by ethnic Poles; up to 18% of them had been deported by the Soviets in two major waves from pre-war eastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Post-World War II (1945–1989)

Strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard in 1980

Parts of the historic old city of Gdańsk, which had suffered large-scale destruction during the war, were rebuilt during the 1950s and 1960s. The reconstruction sought to dilute the "German character" of the city, and set it back to how it supposedly looked like before the annexation to Prussia in 1793.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Nineteenth-century transformations were ignored as "ideologically malignant" by post-war administrations, or regarded as "Prussian barbarism" worthy of demolition,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> while Flemish/Dutch, Italian and French influences were emphasized in order to "neutralize" the German influx on the general outlook of the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Boosted by heavy investment in the development of its port and shipyards fuelled by Soviet ambitions in the Baltic region, Gdańsk became the major shipping and industrial centre of the People's Republic of Poland. In December 1970, Gdańsk was the location of anti-regime demonstrations, which led to the downfall of Poland's communist leader Władysław Gomułka. During the demonstrations in Gdańsk and Gdynia, military and police forces opened fire on the demonstrators, causing several dozen deaths. Ten years later, in August 1980, Gdańsk Shipyard was the birthplace of the Solidarity trade union and political movement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In September 1981, to deter Solidarity, Soviet Union launched Exercise Zapad-81, the largest military exercise in history, during which amphibious landings were conducted near Gdańsk. Around the same time, Solidarity's first national congress was hosted in the Hala Olivia, located in Gdańsk. Its opposition to the Communist regime led to the end of communist rule in 1989, and sparked a series of protests that overthrew the communist regimes of the former Eastern Bloc.<ref name="Onet.pl">Template:Cite news</ref>

Contemporary history (1990–present)

UEFA Euro 2012 in Gdańsk

Solidarity's leader, Lech Wałęsa, became President of Poland in 1990. In 2014 the European Solidarity Centre, a museum and library devoted to the history of the movement, opened in Gdańsk.<ref name="Onet.pl"/> On 9 July 2001, the city experienced a flood, with 200 million zł being estimated in damage, 4 people being killed, and 304 being evacuated. As a result, the city has since built more than fifty reservoirs, the number of which is rising.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Donald Tusk, a Gdańsk native,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> has been prime minister of Poland since 2023, and also filled the role from 2007 to 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was additionally President of the European Council from 2014 to 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In January 2019, the Mayor of Gdańsk, Paweł Adamowicz, was assassinated by a man who had just been released from prison for violent crimes. After stabbing the mayor in the abdomen near the heart, the man claimed that the mayor's political party had been responsible for imprisoning him. Though Adamowicz underwent a multi-hour surgery, he died the next day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 2019, the city of Gdańsk was awarded the Princess of Asturias Award in the Concord category as a recognition of the fact that "the past and present in Gdańsk are sensitive to solidarity, the defense of freedom and human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a 2023 Report on the Quality of Life in European Cities compiled by the European Commission, Gdańsk was named as the fourth best city to live in Europe alongside Leipzig, Stockholm and Geneva.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Gdańsk is divided into two main parts, known as the Górny Taras and Dolny Taras in Polish; the low-lying Dolny Taras (Lower Terrace) is found on the Baltic coast, covering parts of the Vistula Fens, whereas the Górny Taras (Upper Terrace) is characterized by uneven highlands and is part of the Kashubian Lake District. The city is also found at the mouth of the Motława and Vistula rivers, which has significantly influenced its geography and shaped its economy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate

Template:Climate chart Gdańsk has a climate with both oceanic and continental influences. According to some categorizations, it has an oceanic climate (Cfb), while others classify it as belonging to the humid continental climate (Dfb).<ref>"Köppen climate classification Template:Webarchive". Britannica. Retrieved 14 February 2018</ref> It actually depends on whether the mean reference temperature for the coldest winter month is set at Template:Cvt or Template:Cvt. Gdańsk's dry winters and the precipitation maximum in summer are indicators of continentality. However seasonal extremes are less pronounced than those in inland Poland.<ref name = Weatherbase>Gdansk Template:Webarchive". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018.</ref>

The city has moderately cold and cloudy winters, with mean temperatures in January and February near or below Template:Cvt and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms. Average temperatures range from Template:Cvt and average monthly rainfall varies Template:Cvt per month with a rather low annual total of Template:Cvt. In general, the weather is damp, variable, and mild.<ref name = Weatherbase />

The seasons are clearly differentiated. Spring starts in March and is initially cold and windy, later becoming pleasantly warm and often increasingly sunny. Summer, which begins in June, is predominantly warm but hot at times with temperature reaching as high as Template:Cvt at least couple times a year with plenty of sunshine interspersed with heavy rain. Gdańsk averages 1,700 hours of sunshine per year. July and August are the warmest months. Autumn comes in September and is at first warm and usually sunny, turning cold, damp, and foggy in November. Winter lasts from December to March and includes periods of snow. January and February are the coldest months with the temperature sometimes dropping as low as Template:Cvt.<ref name = Weatherbase />

Economy

Gdańsk Shipyard

The industrial sections of the city are dominated by shipbuilding, petrochemical, and chemical industries, as well as food processing. The share of high-tech sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, IT engineering, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals is on the rise. Amber processing is also an important part of the local economy, as the majority of the world's amber deposits lie along the Baltic coast.<ref name = "biznes">Template:Cite web</ref>

Major companies based in Gdańsk include the multinational clothing company LPP,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the energy company Energa,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the shipyard Remontowa,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Gdańsk Shipyard, and Ziaja.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city also served as a major base for Grupa Lotos, with the Gdańsk Refinery being the second-largest in Poland, with a capacity of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name = "biznes" /> Gdańsk also hosts the biennial BALTEXPO International Maritime Fair and Conference, the largest fair dedicated to the maritime industry in Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The largest shopping centre located in the city is Forum Gdańsk,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which covers a large plot in the city centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021, the registered unemployment rate in the city was estimated at 3.6%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Main sights

Architecture

The city has many reconstructed buildings originally built in the time of the Hanseatic League, most of which are located in the Main City<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and specifically along or near Ulica Długa and Długi Targ, a pedestrian thoroughfare surrounded by reconstructed historical buildings and flanked at both ends by elaborate city gates; this is sometimes referred to as the Royal Route, since it was once the path of processions for visiting Kings of Poland.<ref name="Richard Franks">Template:Cite web</ref>

Walking from end to end, sites encountered on or near the Royal Route include the Highland Gate, marking the beginning of the route, located near the Torture Chamber, Template:Ill, and the Golden Gate.<ref name="Richard Franks" />

Along Długa Street, Uphagen's House is found, today housing a branch of the Template:Ill, which is located near the Lion's Castle and the Main City Hall. Further down the route, along the Długi Targ, the Artus Court is located,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> followed by Neptune's Fountain,<ref name="Sturgis">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the New Jury House,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Steffens House,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Green Gate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gdańsk has a number of historical churches, including St. Catherine's Church, St. Nicholas' Church and St. Mary's Church (Bazylika Mariacka). St. Mary's Church is a city church built in the 15th century, and is one of the largest brick churches in the world.<ref name="Richard Franks"/> The city centre within 17th-century fortifications is a Historic Monument of Poland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other notable sights in the historical city centre include the Royal Chapel, Gdańsk Crane,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Great Armoury, granaries on Ołowianka and Wyspa Spichrzów, the John III Sobieski Monument, the Old Town Hall,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mariacka Street,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Polish Post Office, and a series of city gates.<ref name="Richard Franks"/> Main sights outside the historical city centre include the Abbot's Palace, Oliwa Cathedral, Brzeźno Pier, medieval city walls, Westerplatte,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wisłoujście Fortress,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Gdańsk Zoo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Olivia Centre, found in Oliwa, includes Olivia Star, the tallest building in northern Poland, measuring Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Richard Franks" />

Museums

The Polish Post Office museum, dedicated to the Defence of the Polish Post Office in the Free City, which functioned during the interwar period, 1920–1939.

The National Museum includes the Department of Historical Art in Stare Przedmieście, the Department of Modern Art and the nearby Department of Ethnography in Oliwa, and the NOMUS modern art gallery and the Gdańsk Gallery of Photography in Stare Miasto. It also has departments in Kościerzyna and Waplewo Wielkie, those being the Museum of the National Anthem and Museum of Noble Tradition respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Template:Ill is also present in the city and has departments in the Main City Hall, Artus Court, Uphagen's House, Great Mill, Polish Post Office, Wisłoujście Fortress, Westerplatte Guard House No. 1, St. Catherine's Church, and Template:Ill.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another museum is the National Maritime Museum, which operates a branch in the Gdańsk Crane, as well as the museum ship SS Sołdek. Its main building is found in the Main City and is accompanied by the Centre for Maritime Culture closer to the mouth of the Vistula. It has branches in Gdynia, Hel, Kąty Rybackie, Łeba, and Tczew.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other museums include the European Solidarity Centre, dedicated to the history of the Solidarity trade union;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Template:Ill in Oliwa, about the history of the city's archdiocese;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Museum of the Second World War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Entertainment

The Polish Baltic Philharmonic exists on Ołowianka and frequently collaborates with various playwrights and theatres.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Baltic Opera is a similar institution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre is a Shakespearean theatre built on the former site of a 17th-century playhouse where English travelling players came to perform. The new theatre, completed in 2014, hosts the annual Gdańsk Shakespeare Festival.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The annual St. Dominic's Fair combines traditional market trading with a wide range of cultural events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transport

File:Port Lotniczy im Lecha Walesy Terminal 2.jpg

Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport (2012, before the 2022 expansion)

File:Gdańsk Główny station 1.jpg

Gdańsk Główny railway station

The city's core transport infrastructure includes Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport, an international airport located in Gdańsk,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Szybka Kolej Miejska (SKM),<ref name = "skmka">Template:Cite web</ref> which functions as a rapid transit system for the Tricity area, including Gdańsk, Sopot and Gdynia, operating frequent trains to 27 stations covering the Tricity,<ref>SKM Passenger Information, Map http://www.skm.pkp.pl/ Template:Webarchive</ref> and the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway, a commuter railway opened in 2015 linking Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station with Gdynia Główna railway station via the airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The principal train station in Gdańsk is Gdańsk Główny railway station, served by both SKM local and PKP long-distance trains. In addition, long-distance trains also stop at Gdańsk Oliwa railway station and Gdańsk Wrzeszcz railway station. Gdańsk also has nine other railway stations, served by SKM trains.<ref name = "skmka" /> Long-distance trains are operated by PKP Intercity which provides connections with most major Polish cities, including Warsaw, Kraków, Łódź, Poznań, Katowice, Szczecin, Częstochowa, and Wrocław. Polregio operates regional trains with the neighbouring Kashubian Lake District along with trains to Słupsk, Hel, Malbork, and Elbląg.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Between 2011 and 2015, the rail route between Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Warsaw underwent a major upgrade, resulting in improvements in the railway's speed and to critical infrastructure such as signalling systems, as well as the construction of the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway, a major commuter railway project, which was opened in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>';Jeszcze szybciej z Warszawy do Gdańska,' Kurier Kolejowy 9 January 2015 http://www.kurierkolejowy.eu/aktualnosci/22716/Jeszcze-szybciej-z-Warszawy-do-Gdanska.html Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Gdańsk bus station is the city's principal bus terminal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> City buses and trams are operated by ZTM Gdańsk (Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego w Gdańsku).<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The Port of Gdańsk is a seaport located on the southern coast of Gdańsk Bay, located within the city,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Obwodnica Trójmiejska and A1 autostrada allow for automotive access to the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additionally, Gdańsk is part of the Rail-2-Sea project. This project's objective is to connect the city with the Romanian Black Sea port of Constanța with a Template:Cvt long railway line passing through Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Sport

File:PGE Arena, Gdańsk, 2015-09-25 (Muri WG 2015-34).jpg

Stadion Miejski

There are many professional sports teams in the Gdańsk and Tricity area. The city's professional football club is Lechia Gdańsk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Founded in 1945, they play in the Template:Lang, Poland's top division. Their home stadium, Stadion Miejski,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was one of the four Polish stadiums to host the UEFA Euro 2012 competition,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as the host of the 2021 UEFA Europa League Final.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other notable football clubs are Gedania 1922 Gdańsk and SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk, which both played in the second tier in the past.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other notable clubs include speedway club Wybrzeże Gdańsk,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> rugby club Lechia Gdańsk,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ice hockey club Stoczniowiec Gdańsk,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and volleyball club Trefl Gdańsk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city's Hala Olivia was a venue for the official 2009 EuroBasket,<ref>2009 EuroBasket Template:Webarchive, ARCHIVE.FIBA.com, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> and the Ergo Arena was one of the 2013 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships venues.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>

Politics and local government

Contemporary Gdańsk is one of the major centres of economic and administrative life in Poland. It has been the seat of a Polish central institution, the Polish Space Agency,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> several supra-regional branches of further central institutions,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as the supra-regional (appellate-level) institutions of justice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship it has been the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office, the Sejmik, and the Marshal's Office of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and other voivodeship-level institutions.<ref>Template:Cite act</ref>

Legislative power in Gdańsk is vested in a unicameral Gdańsk City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 34 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees, which have the oversight of various functions of the city government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Districts

Gdańsk is divided into 36 districts (dzielnice), most of which are also subdivided into osiedla. A full list can be found at Districts of Gdańsk, but the largest by population include Śródmieście, Przymorze Wielkie, Chełm, Wrzeszcz Dolny, and Wrzeszcz Górny.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Śródmieście encompasses most of the city as it was in 1813. The city's boundaries were first expanded beyond the borders of Śródmieście in 1814, and various districts were gradually incorporated into it (with larger expansions including the annexation of Oliwa in 1926 and Suchanino in 1902). Many of the city's current suburban districts, such as Jasień, Ujeścisko-Łostowice, Matarnia, and Osowa, were incorporated into it in a 1973 expansion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Education and science

File:Gmach glowny politechnika.jpg

Gdańsk University of Technology

There are 15 higher schools in the city, including three universities. Notable educational institutions include the University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk University of Technology, and Gdańsk Medical University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city is also home to the Baltic Institute.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

International relations

Consulates

There are four consulates general in Gdańsk – China, Germany, Hungary, Russia, one consulate – Ukraine, and 17 honorary consulates – Austria, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania,[Mexico, Moldova, Netherlands, Peru, Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Uruguay.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Sister cities

Gdańsk is twinned with:<ref name=twins>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Template:Flagicon Helsingør, Denmark
• Template:Flagicon Bremen, Germany
• Template:Flagicon Cleveland, United States
• Template:Flagicon Kalmar, Sweden
• Template:Flagicon Nice, France
• Template:Flagicon Astana, Kazakhstan
• Template:Flagicon Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Template:Flagicon Sefton, United Kingdom
• Template:Flagicon Turku, Finland
• Template:Flagicon Vilnius, Lithuania

Former sister cities

• Template:Flagicon Kaliningrad, Russia
• Template:Flagicon Saint Petersburg, Russia

On 3 March 2022, Gdańsk City Council passed a unanimous resolution to terminate the cooperation with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cooperation with non-sister cities

Gdańsk also cooperates with the following non-sister cities:<ref name=twins/>

• Template:Flagicon Ghent, Belgium<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
• Template:Flagicon Le Havre, France<ref name="Le Havre twins">Template:Cite web</ref>
• Template:Flagicon Marseille, France
• Template:Flagicon Odesa, Ukraine

Demographics

File:Gdańsk population pyramid.svg

Gdańsk population pyramid in 2021

Around 1600, the city’s population was composed of over 90% Germans and adherents of Protestantism.<ref name=Tighe62>Template:Cite book</ref> Around 1700, more than 80% of the inhabitants were Protestants, followed by Catholics with about 10% and a smaller but significant group of Calvinists, while German remained the dominant language.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1816, the proportion of Catholics had risen to 23.6%, whereas Protestants accounted for 70% of the population.<ref name="Loew136">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1890, according to Stefan Ramułt there were 92.28% Germans, 0.94% Poles, 4.50% Kashubians, 2.11% Jews and 0.17% others.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the 1920 election, 6.5% of the inhabitants voted for the Polish Party while the 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants in the city proper, 95% were German-speaking and 3.5% spoke Polish and Kashubian.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1929, Poles and Kashubians accounted for 11% of Danzig‘s total population (23,120 people out of 215,464).<ref name=":0" /> The end of World War II is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet Red Army advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of Soviet atrocities, and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.<ref name="Kacowicz100101">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study, Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 100, 101 Template:ISBN [1] Template:Webarchive</ref> Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the Oder–Neisse line perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.<ref>Spieler, Silke. ed. Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). Template:ISBN. pp. 23–41</ref> German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the Soviet Union.<ref>Pavel Polian-Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Central European University Press 2003 Template:ISBN pp. 286-293</ref>Template:Sfn

Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.<ref name=Curp42>Template:Cite book</ref> On 30 March 1945, the Gdańsk Voivodeship was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the Recovered Territories.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.<ref name=Byk>Template:Cite book</ref> Ethnically German population was then expelled to Germany, while these of the locals who declared Polish nationality and were ethnically verified as Poles were permitted to remain; according to the census of 1950 out of 194,633 inhabitants of Gdańsk 12% (23,442) were pre-war autochthons of the Regained Lands, including 22,213 from the city of Gdańsk itself, 828 from neighbouring areas of the Free City and 401 from elsewhere.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The settlers can be grouped according to their background:

• Poles that had been freed from forced labor in Nazi Germany<ref name=Cordell168>Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, Poland and the European Union, 2000, p. 168, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN: gives 4.55 million in the first years</ref><ref name=Hoffmann142/>
• Repatriates: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as the Polish-Armenian community<ref name=Cordell168/><ref name=Hoffmann142>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Poles incl. Kashubians relocating from nearby villages and small towns<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily<ref name=Cordell168/>
• Non-Poles forcibly resettled during Operation Vistula in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lemkos, and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.<ref>Thum, p. 129</ref>
• Jewish Holocaust survivors, most of them Polish repatriates from the Eastern Borderlands<ref>Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period, pp. 283-284, 1992, Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN</ref>
• Greeks and Slav Macedonians, refugees of the Greek Civil War<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• 764 Gedania – Minor planet named after Gdańsk
• Template:Annotated link
• Danzig Trilogy – Novels by Günter Grass
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• List of honorary citizens of Gdańsk
• List of neighbourhoods of Gdańsk
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• Template:Annotated link
• St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk
• Tourism in Poland

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Citation
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Template:Cite EB1911