Graben
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In geology, a graben (Template:IPAc-en) is a depressed block of the crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.
Etymology
Graben is a loan word from German, meaning 'ditch' or 'trench', up to large valley like Upper Rhine Graben. The first known usage of the word in the geologic context was by Eduard Suess in 1883.<ref>Template:Oed</ref> The plural form, in German, is "Gräben", in English either graben<ref>Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary</ref> or grabens.<ref name = "horst-and-graben">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Formation
Template:Unreferenced section A graben is a valley with a distinct escarpment on each side caused by the displacement of a block of land downward. Graben often occur side by side with horsts. Horst and graben structures indicate tensional forces and crustal stretching.
Graben are produced by sets of normal faults that have parallel fault traces, where the displacement of the hanging wall is downward, while that of the footwall is upward. The faults typically dip toward the center of the graben from both sides. Horsts are parallel blocks that remain between graben; the bounding faults of a horst typically dip away from the center line of the horst. Single or multiple graben can produce a rift valley.
Half-graben
In many rifts, the graben are asymmetric, with a major fault along only one of the boundaries, and these are known as half-graben. The polarity (throw direction) of the main bounding faults typically alternates along the length of the rift. The asymmetry of a half-graben strongly affects syntectonic deposition. Comparatively little sediment enters the half-graben across the main bounding fault because of footwall uplift on the drainage systems. The exception is at any major offset in the bounding fault, where a relay ramp may provide an important sediment input point. Most of the sediment will enter the half-graben down the unfaulted hanging wall side (e.g., Lake Baikal).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Examples
Africa
- East African Rift Valley
- Lucapa Graben, Lunda Norte Province, Angola
Antarctica
Asia
- Narmada River Valley, central India
- lower Godavari River Valley, southern India
- Baikal Rift Zone, Siberia, Russia
- Moma Graben, Sakha Republic, Russia
- Büyük Menderes Graben, Turkey
- Fossa Magna, Honshu, Japan
- Ariake Sea as part of the Unzen graben, Kyushu, Japan
- Beppu–Shimabara graben, Kyushu, Japan
Europe
- Rhine valley, border area of west Germany and northeast France
- Oslo graben around Oslo, Norway
- Central Lowlands, Scotland
- Worcester Basin, England
- Central Graben, North Sea
- Viking Graben, North Sea
- Vättern, Sweden
- Lowtherville Graben, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, England<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
North America
Canada
- Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, Ontario and Quebec, Canada
- Saguenay Graben, Quebec, Canada
Guatemala
- Guatemala City valley, Guatemala
United States
- Basin and Range Province of southwestern North America is an example of multiple horst/graben structures, including Death Valley, with Salt Lake Valley being the easternmost and Owens Valley being the westernmost.
- Lake George Basin, New York, U.S.
- Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada, U.S.
- Republic Graben, Republic, Washington, U.S.
- Rio Grande Rift Valley in Colorado/New Mexico/Texas of the United States
- Rough Creek Graben, Kentucky, U.S.
- Santa Clara Valley, California, U.S.
- Western Snake River Plain, Idaho, U.S.
- Southwest San Bernardino Valley (Arizona), U.S.
Multi-national
- Eastern North America Rift Basins, Canada and the U.S.
- Midcontinent Rift System, Canada and the U.S.
- Salton Trough, Mexico and the U.S.
Oceania
- Firth of Thames of Hauraki Gulf and Hauraki Plains of Hauraki Rift (Hauraki half grabens), North Island, New Zealand<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Tikitere Graben within the Taupō Rift, North Island, New Zealand.<ref name="Manville2007">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, Australia<ref name="Sprigg1961">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Tamar Valley, Tasmania, Australia<ref>Stacey, A. R., and Berry, R. F., (2004). "The Structural history of Tasmania: a review for petroleum explorers", PESA Eastern Australasian Basins Symposium II</ref>