Monarchy of Luxembourg

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The monarchy of Luxembourg is the institution headed by the grand duke of Luxembourg,Template:Efn who is the head of state of the country. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was created from territory of the former Duchy of Luxembourg. It was in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1890 under the House of Orange-Nassau. Luxembourg is the world's only sovereign grand duchy, and since 1815 there have been ten monarchs, including the incumbent, Guillaume V.

Constitutional role

The constitution of Luxembourg defines the grand duke's position:

The grand duke is the head of state, symbol of its unity, and guarantor of national independence. He exercises executive power in accordance with the constitution and the laws of the country.<ref name="Constitution">Template:Cite web</ref>

After a constitutional change (to article 34) in December 2008 resulting from Henri's refusal to assent to a law legalizing euthanasia, laws now no longer require the grand duke's formal assent (implying "approval"),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but his task of promulgating the law as chief executive remains.

Compensation

The grand duke does not receive a salary, but the grand ducal family receives annually 300,000 gold francs (€281,000) for grand ducal functions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2017, the Luxembourg budget included €10.1 million for the grand duke's household costs.<ref name="businessinsider_royals">Template:Cite web</ref>

Succession

Template:Main Succession to the throne was governed by Salic law, as dictated by the Nassau Family Pact, first adopted on 30 June 1783.<ref name="Constitution" /> The right to reign over Luxembourg was until June 2011 passed by agnatic-cognatic primogeniture within the House of Nassau, as stipulated under the 1815 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and as confirmed by the 1867 Treaty of London.<ref name="Constitution" /> In June 2011, agnatic primogeniture was replaced with absolute primogeniture, allowing any legitimate female descendants within the House of Nassau to be included in the line of succession.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Nassau Family Pact itself can be amended by the usual legislative process, having been so on 10 July 1907 to exclude the Count of Merenberg branch of the House, which was descended from a morganatic marriage.<ref>Template:In lang Template:Cite web</ref>

An heir apparent may be granted the style "hereditary grand duke" once they reach the age of eighteen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Full titles

The traditional titulatures of the Grand Duke are By the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelnbogen and Diez, Burgrave of Hammerstein, Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg, Limburg and Eppstein.

It should, however, be noted that many of the titles are held without regard to the strict rules of Salic inheritance and that most, save for Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Duke of Nassau, are simply not used.

List of Grand Dukes

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House of Orange-Nassau

Portrait Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Titles Claim
File:William I of the Netherlands.jpg Guillaume I 24 August 1772 –
12 December 1843 		15 March 1815 7 October 1840
(abdicated) 		King of the Netherlands;
Grand Duke of Luxembourg 		Congress of Vienna
File:WillemIINL3.jpg Guillaume II 6 December 1792 –
17 March 1849 		7 October 1840 17 March 1849 Son of Guillaume I
File:Willem III (1817-90), koning der Nederlanden, Nicolaas Pieneman, 1856 - Rijksmuseum.jpg Guillaume III 17 February 1817 –
23 November 1890 		17 March 1849 23 November 1890 Son of Guillaume II

House of Nassau-Weilburg

Under the 1783 Nassau Family Pact, those territories of the Nassau family in the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the pact (Luxembourg and Nassau) were bound by semi-Salic law, which allowed inheritance by females or through the female line only upon extinction of male members of the dynasty. When William III died leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir in 1890, the crown of the Netherlands, not being bound by the family pact, passed to Wilhelmina. However, the crown of Luxembourg passed to a male of another branch of the House of Nassau: Adolphe, the dispossessed Duke of Nassau and head of the branch of Nassau-Weilburg.

In 1905, Grand Duke Adolphe's younger half-brother, Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, died, having left a son Georg Nikolaus, Count von Merenberg who was, however, the product of a morganatic marriage, and therefore not legally a member of the House of Nassau. In 1907, Adolphe's only son, William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, obtained passage of a law confirming the right of his eldest daughter, Marie-Adélaïde, to succeed to the throne in virtue of the absence of any remaining dynastic males of the House of Nassau, as originally stipulated in the Nassau Family Pact. She became the grand duchy's first reigning female monarch upon her father's death in 1912, and upon her own abdication in 1919 was succeeded by her younger sister Charlotte, who married Felix of Bourbon-Parma, a prince of the former Duchy of Parma. Charlotte's descendants have since reigned as the continued dynasty of Nassau.

Portrait Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Titles Claim
File:Adolfluxembourg1817-6.jpg Adolphe 24 July 1817 –
17 November 1905
(Template:Age in years years) 		23 November 1890 17 November 1905 Grand Duke of Luxembourg;
Duke of Nassau 		Third cousin of Guillaume III
File:Guillaume IV of Luxembourg.png Guillaume IV 22 April 1852 –
25 February 1912
(Template:Age in years years) 		17 November 1905 25 February 1912 Son of Adolphe
File:Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg 2.jpg Marie-Adélaïde 14 June 1894 –
24 January 1924
(Template:Age in years years) 		25 February 1912 14 January 1919
(abdicated) 		Grand Duchess of Luxembourg;
Duchess of Nassau 		Daughter of Guillaume IV
File:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.jpg Charlotte 23 January 1896 –
9 July 1985
(Template:Age in years years) 		14 January 1919 12 November 1964
(abdicated) 		Daughter of Guillaume IV
Sister of Marie-Adélaïde

House of Luxembourg-Nassau

The House of Luxembourg-Nassau originated in 1919 with the marriage of Grand Duchess Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (of the House of Nassau‑Weilburg) to Prince Félix of Bourbon‑Parma (of the House of Bourbon-Parma). Their eldest son, Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (born 5 January 1921), succeeded to the throne in 1964, thus establishing the present ruling dynasty. Although the male‑line (agnatic) descent is from Bourbon‑Parma, the dynasty continues to be styled “Luxembourg‑Nassau” to reflect the historic Nassau‑Weilburg legacy maintained through Charlotte and the links with Luxembourg.

Portrait Name Lifespan Reign start Reign end Titles Claim
File:GD Jean 1994 (cropped).jpg Jean 5 January 1921 –
23 April 2019
(Template:Age in years years) 		12 November 1964 7 October 2000
(abdicated) 		Grand Duke of Luxembourg;
Duke of Nassau 		Son of Charlotte
File:Trounwiessel 2025 EP (101) (cropped).jpg Henri 16 April 1955
(Template:Age in years years) 		7 October 2000 3 October 2025
(abdicated) 		Son of Jean
File:Trounwiessel 2025 EP (115) (cropped).jpg Guillaume V 11 November 1981
(Template:Age in years years) 		3 October 2025 Incumbent Son of Henri

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from: 17/03/1849 till: 23/11/1890 color:orange text:"Guillaume III" fontsize:10
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Grand ducal consorts

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Notes

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References

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