Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

Marie-Adélaïde (Template:Langx, Template:Langx; 14 June 1894 – 24 January 1924), was Grand Duchess of Luxembourg from 1912 until her abdication in 1919. She was the first Grand Duchess regnant of Luxembourg (after five grand dukes), its first female monarch since Duchess Maria Theresa (1740–1780, who was also an Austrian archduchess and Holy Roman Empress) and the first Luxembourgish monarch to be born within the territory since Count John the Blind (1296–1346).

Named as heiress presumptive by her father Grand Duke William IV in 1907 to prevent a succession crisis due to his lack of a son, Marie-Adélaïde became Grand Duchess aged 18 upon his death in 1912. She ruled through the First World War, and her perceived support for the German occupation forces led to great unpopularity in Luxembourg as well as neighbouring France and Belgium. On the advice of Parliament and under enormous pressure from the Luxembourgish people, she abdicated on 14 January 1919 in favour of her younger sister Charlotte, who managed to save the monarchy and the dynasty in a national referendum later that year.

Following her abdication, Marie-Adélaïde retired to a convent in Italy, before leaving due to ill health. She died of influenza in Germany on 24 January 1924, at the age of 29.

Early years

Princess Marie-Adélaïde (1909)

Marie-Adélaïde was born on 14 June 1894 in Berg Castle as the eldest child of Grand Duke William IV and his wife, Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Since her father had six daughters and no sons, he proclaimed Marie-Adélaïde as the heiress presumptive on 10 July 1907, in order to solve any succession crisis due to the use of Salic law in the monarchy.

Due to that same Salic Law, the elder branch of the House of Nassau, called Nassau-Weilburg (present-day Luxembourg-Nassau) inherited in 1890 the throne of Luxembourg from the younger branch called Nassau-Orange, which was not only supplying the Grand Dukes of Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890, but was also in a personal union the reigning dynasty of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Thus, when her father died on 25 February 1912, she succeeded to the throne at the age of 17, becoming the first reigning Grand Duchess of Luxembourg. Her mother served as regent until Marie-Adélaïde's eighteenth birthday on 18 June 1912, when the President of the Chamber Auguste Laval swore her in as the first Luxembourgish monarch to be born in the territory since Count John the Blind (1296–1346). Laval's speech to the Chamber of Deputies (parliament) during the ceremony was:

Marie-Adélaïde's own speech at the ceremony was:<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

Reign

Marie-Adélaïde in Template:Circa 1913

Marie-Adélaïde in 1917

At the time, the Luxembourgish Constitution granted the monarch extensive political powers. However, while her father and grandfather had largely stayed out of direct involvement in governance, Marie-Adélaïde was deeply interested in politics and took an active part in the government and the political life of the Grand Duchy. She was a devout Catholic, with strong religious convictions and very conservative political views. On the day of her ascension to the throne – 25 February 1912 – she refused to sign a new law reducing the role of Catholic priests within the education system.<ref name=invention-luxembourg>Template:Cite book</ref> Later, in 1915, she hesitated before appointing the mayors of Differdange and Hollerich, both known for their anticlerical views.<ref name=":0" />

With the outbreak of World War I, Luxembourg found itself in a dangerous position, unable to defend itself from German invasion because of its neutral status (see Treaty of London (1867)). When Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality on 2nd August, on the pretext of safeguarding the railroads, Marie Adelaide and her government responded with formal protests. However, these protests proved ineffective in halting the subsequent military occupation of the country.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Marie-Adélaïde and the government refrained from further opposing the German invasion, which spared the population of the Grand Duchy from military conflict on its soil, and resulted in the Germans leaving the Luxembourgish state intact during the occupation.<ref name=":1" /> During the war, Marie-Adélaïde, her sisters and their mother were personally involved in the work of the Red Cross in Luxembourg, and cared for both German and French soldiers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Political conflict in Luxembourg, however, continued. Diane Mozcar writes:

Meanwhile, in late 1915 the Grand Duchess caused controversy by dissolving the Chamber of Deputies to solve the deadlock faced by the Loutsch Ministry, which was composed of Party of the Right members and did not have a majority in the Chamber.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Marie-Adélaïde ordered the Chamber dissolved and new elections held on 23 December 1915.<ref name=":0" /> This action was permissible under the Constitution, but regarded as unconventional, and provoked an outcry and long-term resentment among the socialists and liberals in parliament, who saw it as resembling a coup d'état.<ref name=":0" />

Marie-Adelaide in 1919<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the end of the war, Luxembourg was harshly criticised by the Entente for its attitude,<ref name=":1" /> and the perception of the Grand Duchess as pro-German led the French government to declare: "The French Government does not consider it possible to have contact or negotiations with the Government of the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, whom it considers as gravely compromised …,"<ref name=":2" /> and French Minister Raymond Poincaré claimed the following about the Grand Duchy: "This country has not done its duty and does not deserve to be maintained in its present state."<ref name=":1" />

Although she had not done anything in contradiction with the Luxembourgish Constitution of 1868, voices in Parliament began to demand her abdication in January 1919. However, leftists wanted to do away with the monarchy in its entirety.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, Belgium sought to annex Luxembourg, a plan that was even supported by some of Marie-Adélaïde's political opponents at home.<ref name=":2" />

On 9 January, a group of Socialist and Liberal Luxembourgish Members of Parliament ("Deputies") publicly proclaimed a republic after losing a vote in parliament to abolish the monarchy, a situation which was followed by public unrest in the streets requiring even the intervention of the French Army to restore order.<ref name=":1" /> Under intense national (and international) pressure, and after consulting with the Prime Minister, the 24-year-old Grand Duchess abdicated on 14 January 1919. She was succeeded by her younger sister, Princess Charlotte. The constitution was also revised. Diane Mozcar writes that "Charlotte and her successors, however, were not to wield the political power and authority previously accorded to the sovereign by the constitution."<ref name=":2" />

Governments

Marie-Adélaïde's reign saw the following Prime Ministers and Governments:

• Paul Eyschen (Eyschen Ministry)
• Mathias Mongenast (Mongenast Ministry)
• Hubert Loutsch (Loutsch Ministry)
• Victor Thorn (National Union Government)
• Léon Kauffman (Kauffman Ministry)
• Émile Reuter (Reuter Ministry)

Post-abdication

After her abdication, Marie-Adélaïde went into exile by travelling through Europe. She entered a Carmelite convent in Modena, Italy, in 1920. Later, she joined the Little Sisters of the Poor in Rome, taking the name "Sister Marie of the Poor". Her worsening health did not allow her to remain a nun, however, and she eventually had to leave the convent. She then moved to Schloss Hohenburg in Bavaria, where, surrounded by her family, she died of influenza aged 29 on 24 January 1924. She had not married or had children. On 22 October 1947, her body was interred in the Grand Ducal Crypt of the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Luxembourg City.<ref>This section was translated from the same article in the German version of Wikipedia.Template:Attribution needed</ref>

See also

• German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I

Further reading

• O'Shaughnessy, Edith. Marie Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, Duchess of Nassau. New York: Jonathan Cape and Robert Ballou, 1932.
• Schous, Marie. Marie Adelheid van Nassau, Groothertogin van Luxemburg. 's Hertogenbosch: G. Mosmans, 1931.
• Zenner, Theodor. Marie Adelheid: Lebensbild der verstorbenen Grossherzogin von Luxemburg. 1925
• Marburg, Theodor. The Story of a Soul. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1938.
• Leighton, Isabel, and Bertram Bloch. Marie-Adelaide: A Play. New York: Rialto Service Bureau.
• Marie-Adélaïde (in French) at the official website of the Luxembourg royal family