Grassmann's law

Hermann Grassmann

Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive version was given for Sanskrit by Pāṇini.

Here are some examples in Greek of the effects of Grassmann's law:

• Template:IPA θύω 'I sacrifice (an animal)'; Template:IPA Template:Lang 'it was sacrificed'
• Template:IPA θρίξ 'hair'; Template:IPA Template:Lang 'hairs'
• Template:IPA θάπτειν 'to bury (present)'; Template:IPA τάφος 'a grave'

In reduplication, which forms the perfect tense in both Greek and Sanskrit, if the initial consonant is aspirated, the prepended consonant is unaspirated by Grassmann's law. For instance Template:IPA φύω 'I grow' : Template:IPA Template:Lang 'I have grown'.

The fact that deaspiration in Greek took place after the change of Proto-Indo-European Template:IPA to Template:IPA (PIE *bʰn̥ǵʰús > Template:Lang (pakhús) not bakhús but Sanskrit Template:Lang (bahú)) and the fact that all other Indo-European languages do not apply Grassmann's law both suggest that it was developed separately in Greek and Sanskrit (although quite possibly by areal influence spread across a then-contiguous Graeco-Aryan–speaking area) and so it was not inherited from Proto-Indo-European.<ref>See discussion in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

Also, Grassmann's law in Greek also affects the aspirate Template:IPA < Template:Lang developed specifically in Greek but not in Sanskrit or most other Indo-European. (For example, Template:Lang > Template:Lang > Template:Lang Template:IPA "I have", with dissimilation of Template:Lang, but the future tense Template:Lang > Template:Lang Template:IPA "I will have" was unaffected, as aspiration was lost before Template:IPA.) The evidence from other languages is not strictly negative: many branches, including Sanskrit's closest relative, Iranian, merge the Proto-Indo-European voiced aspirated and unaspirated stops and so it is not possible to tell if Grassmann's law ever operated in them.

According to Filip De Decker,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Grassmann's law had not operated in Mycenaean Greek yet, and it is almost certain that it occurred later than 1200 BC; it might even postdate the Homeric Greek period.

In Greek

In Koine Greek, in cases other than reduplication, alternations involving labials and velars have been completely levelled, and Grassmann's law remains in effect only for the alternation between Template:IPA and Template:IPA, as in the last two examples above. (It makes no difference whether the Template:IPA in question continues Proto-Indo-European Template:Lang or Template:Lang.)

Thus, alongside the pair Template:Lang Template:IPA 'fast' : Template:Lang Template:IPA 'faster', displaying Grassmann's law, Greek has the pair Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thick' : Template:Lang Template:IPA 'thicker' from the Proto-Indo-European etymon Template:Lang (established by cognate forms like Sanskrit Template:Lang Template:IPA 'abundant' since Template:Lang is the only point of intersection between Greek Template:IPA and Sanskrit Template:IPA) in which the Template:IPA in the comparative is a result of levelling. Similarly, Template:Lang Template:IPA ~ Template:Lang Template:IPA 'come to know' from PIE Template:Lang has the future Template:Lang Template:IPA. However, only Template:IPA dissimilates before aspirated affixes like the aorist passive in Template:IPA and the imperative in Template:IPA; Template:IPA and Template:IPA do not, as in Template:Lang Template:IPA 'speak!'.

Diaspirate roots

Cases like Template:IPA ~ Template:IPA and Template:IPA ~ Template:IPA illustrate the phenomenon of diaspirate roots for which two different analyses have been given.

In one account, the underlying diaspirate theory, the underlying roots are taken to be Template:IPA and Template:IPA. When an Template:IPA, a word edge, or various other sounds immediately follow, the second aspiration is lost, and the first aspirate therefore survives (Template:IPA, Template:IPA). If a vowel follows the second aspirate, the second aspirate survives unaltered, and the first aspiration is thus lost by Grassmann's law (Template:IPA, Template:IPA).

A different analytical approach was taken by the Indian grammarians. They took the roots to be underlying Template:IPA and Template:IPA. The roots persist unaltered in Template:IPA and Template:IPA. If an Template:IPA follows, it triggers an aspiration throwback and the aspiration migrates leftward, docking onto the initial consonant (Template:IPA, Template:IPA).

In his initial formulation of the law, Grassmann briefly referred to aspiration throwback to explain the seemingly aberrant forms. However, the consensus among contemporary historical linguists is that the former explanation (underlying representation) is the correct one, as aspiration throwback would require multiple root shapes for the same basic root in different languages whenever an aspirate follows in the next syllable (Template:Lang for Sanskrit, Template:Lang for Greek, Template:Lang for Proto-Germanic and Proto-Italic which have no dissimilation), but the underlying diaspirate allows for a single root shape, with Template:Lang for all languages.

In the later course of Sanskrit, under the influence of the grammarians, aspiration throwback was applied to original mono-aspirate roots by analogy. Thus, from the verb root Template:Lang Template:IPA ('to plunge'), the desiderative stem Template:Lang Template:IPA is formed by analogy with the forms Template:Lang Template:IPA (a desiderative form) and Template:Lang Template:IPA (a nominal form, both from the root Template:Lang Template:IPA 'to be awake', originally Proto-Indo-European Template:Lang).

The linguist Ivan Sag has pointed out an advantage of the ancient Indian theory: it explains why there are no patterns like hypothetical Template:IPA ~ Template:IPA, which are not ruled out by the underlying diaspirate theory. However, aspiration fails to account for reduplication patterns in roots with initial aspirates, such as Greek Template:IPA 'I put', with an unaspirated reduplicated consonant. Aspiration throwback thus needs to be enhanced with a stipulation that aspirates reduplicate as their unaspirated counterparts. From a diachronic standpoint, the absence of these patterns in Greek is explained by the Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form Template:Lang.

Other languages

Processes similar to Grassmann's law continue to work in Middle Indo-Aryan, although it tends to be inconsistent regarding direction, for example Sanskrit Template:Wikt-lang (skandha) → khandha → Assamese Template:Wikt-lang (kandh), but Template:Wikt-lang (bhraṣṭa) → bhaṭṭha → Template:Wikt-lang (bhata).<ref>Template:Citation</ref>

A process similar to Grassmann's law is also known to occur in Ofo, an extinct and underdocumented Siouan language. The law is found in compounds such as the following:

• óskha ('the crane') + afháⁿ ('white') → oskạfha ('the white egret')

A similar phenomenon occurs in Meitei (a Tibeto-Burman language) in which an aspirated consonant is deaspirated if preceded by an aspirated consonant (including Template:IPA) in the previous syllable. The deaspirated consonants are then voiced between sonorants.

• Template:IPA ('pierce') + Template:IPA ('upward') → Template:IPA ('pierce upwards')
• Template:IPA ('cow') + Template:IPA ('udder') → Template:IPA ('milk')
• Template:IPA ('trim') + Template:IPA ('outward') → Template:IPA ('trim outwards')

Hadza, spoken in Northern Tanzania, exhibits Grassmann's law in its lexicon, but most obviously in reduplication:

Template:IPA 'look at each other', from Template:IPA 'look'

In Hadza, Template:IPA has no effect on aspiration.

A similar effect takes place in Koti and other Makhuwa languages, where it was dubbed Katupha's law in Schadeberg (1999). If two aspirated consonants are brought together in one stem, the first loses its aspiration. The effect is particularly clear in reduplicated words: kopikophi 'eyelash'; piriphiri 'pepper' (cf. Swahili 'piripiri'); okukuttha 'to wipe'. This is slightly different from in Greek and Sanskrit, in that the two syllables need not be adjacent.

The four Salishan languages Salish–Spokane–Kalispel, Okanagan, Shuswap and Tillamook exhibit a similar process affecting ejective rather than aspirated consonants, which has been called "Grassmann's law for Salish", for example Shuswap underlying Template:IPA 'crutches' → surface Template:IPA.<ref>Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, "A Grassmann's Law for Salish" Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 20:134-147 (1985) Template:JSTOR</ref>

See also

• Dahl's law and Katupha's law, similar sound laws in Bantu languages
• Graeco-Aryan

Sources

• Template:Citation
• Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A Grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Template:ISBN.
• Reuse, Willem J. de (1981). "Grassmann's law in Ofo". International Journal of American Linguistics, 47 (3), 243–244.
• Sag, Ivan A. (1974) "The Grassmann's Law Ordering Pseudoparadox," Linguistic Inquiry; 5, 591–607.
• Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa & Kinkade, M. Dale (1998) Salish Languages and Linguistics, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 107, 1-68.