Gravitas
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Italic title Template:Lang (Template:IPA) was one of the ancient Roman virtues<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> that denoted seriousness.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> It is also translated variously as weight, dignity, and importance and connotes restraint and moral rigor.<ref name=":3" /> It also conveys a sense of responsibility and commitment to the task.<ref name="apuzzo">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Along with Template:Lang (regard for discipline and authority), Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang (lucidity), Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and Template:Lang, Template:Lang was particularly appreciated as an ideal characteristic in leaders.<ref name=":4" /> Template:Lang and Template:Lang are considered more canonical virtues than the others.<ref name=":3" />
Roman concept
Template:Lang was one of the virtues that allowed citizens, particularly statesmen, to embody the concept of Template:Lang,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> which denotes what it meant to be Roman and how Romans regarded themselves, eventually evolving into a national character.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> Many Roman philosophers praised Template:Lang (perseverance, endurance, and courage), Template:Lang, and Template:Lang as the most important virtues; this is because they made dignified men capable. They accompany Roman actions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The men of the ruling upper and upper-middle classes were educated in a public school system where Classical language and literature formed basic elements of the curriculum.<ref>Template:Multiref2</ref>
Exuding Template:Lang or dignified and serious conduct allowed Romans to maintain a persistent element of conservatism and traditionalism.<ref name=":1" /> According to the Roman emperor and philosopher Marcus Aurelius, the cultivation of Template:Lang involves acting with sincerity and dignity, by being temperate in manner and speech as well as by carrying oneself with authority.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Better source needed
Other sources associate Template:Lang with living an austere lifestyle. It was one of the moral bases of the sanctioned control exercised by the Roman Template:Lang (see Roman Censors).<ref name=":3" /> An account described how old statesmen who realized that they no longer meet the standards of Template:Lang for failing to perform their public function with dignity and Template:Lang committed suicide or simply refused taking food.<ref name=":0" /> This concerned how the Romans defined themselves and their honor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
During Augustus' regime, Template:Lang was not included in the four cardinal virtues (Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang, and Template:Lang) that were introduced to establish the myth of the Roman emperor and the model of a good ruler.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Greek presence
Aristotle identified three essentials of persuasive communication—a component of personal presence:
- Logical argument (the ability to articulate your points clearly)
- Emotion (the ability to create or control emotion in your listeners)
- Character (the ability to convey integrity and goodwill)
Modern concepts
In the British education system, Template:Lang was seen as one of the pillars of the moral formation of the English gentleman during the Victorian and Edwardian eras.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This partly derived from the notion of aristocratic pedigree, indicating polish, grace in manner, and dignity in outward appearance.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The British Empire also derived from the moral concept of Template:Lang such that Template:Lang and other Roman virtues were idealized in its imperial society and in the governance of its dominion.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref> India, for instance, was ruled by men whose senses of power were imbued with Roman virtues.<ref name=":5" /> The concept of Template:Lang also dominated the colonial Civil Service.<ref name=":5" /> The United Kingdom House of Commons also uses the term "bottom",<ref>Template:Citation</ref> which is the Conservative code for Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Lang is also used in communication, particularly in speech, where it denotes the use of emphasis in order to give certain words weight.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Self-monitoring questions can determine expressive behavior and affective display, which could translate to Template:Lang in the way one conducts oneself or speaks.Template:Relevance inline Self-monitoring questions can include: am I staying neutral, hindering direction, or am I helping to contribute with my participation?<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link – also known as Template:Lang in Latin
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link
- Template:Annotated link