Great chess

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File:Persian Tamerlane Chess Set.png
A modern reconstruction of a Tamerlane chess set. The pieces approximate the appearance of traditional pieces in 14th-century Persia.

Great chess or Large chess (Arabic: shatranj al-kabir) is a family of large board historical chess variants which were played in the Middle East and Central Asia. Great chess includes variants played on larger chessboards like Tamerlane chess and Turkish Great Chess. These games were called "great chess" because they were played on larger boards (11x10, 13x13 etc), while shatranj as-saghir ("small chess" i.e. standard shatranj) was played on the smaller 8x8 board.

Like modern chess, these games are derived from medieval shatranj. One variant of great chess, also called Tamerlane chess, was developed in Central Asia during the reign of Emperor Timur, and its invention is also attributed to him.<ref name="C&K">Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). A World of Chess, pp. 31-33. McFarland. Template:ISBN.</ref> Although the game is similar to modern chess,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it is distinctive in that there are varieties of pawn, each of which promotes in its own way.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early large shatranj variants

File:Chess Set MET DP170393.jpg
12th century Iranian shatranj set from Nishapur.
File:Citadel shatranj.gif
Citadel shatranj (shatranj al-husun)

Great chess variants evolved from Middle Eastern shatranj. An early large board variant of shatranj was "complete shatranj" (shatranj al-tamma) which used a board of 10x10 squares and introduced two new chessmen, which were called dabbabas (siege engine). This piece moved like a king.<ref>Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), pp. 21-22, 29.</ref> Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, also discusses an alternative version of complete shatranj which uses the camel (shutur) piece instead of the dabbaba.<ref>Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 23</ref>

Several other 10x10 chess variants were developed in the Muslim world. The most popular variant was citadel chess (shatranj al-husun), which is discussed in many surviving manuscripts, such as in Nafa'is al-funun (Treasury of the Sciences) by the persian al-Amuli. This variant includes four extra squares on each corner of the board called citadels (husun). Medieval manuscripts explain that if a king reaches one of his opponent's citadels, the game is drawn.<ref name=":0" /> Some manuscripts depict the citadels as being attached diagonally, while others depict them as being attached directly beside the two rook squares.<ref name=":0">Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 24.</ref> Other than these changes, the rules followed classical shatranj.

Citadel chess also included two dabbabas which in some versions were placed between the elephants and the king or counsellor, and in other manuscripts are depicted as being placed next to the rooks.<ref name=":0" /> In citadel chess, the dabbabas moved like the modern bishop.<ref name=":0" />

Shatranj al-kabir

Large board versions of shatranj led to further innovative variations in Central Asia, including various forms of Great chess (shatranj al-kabir, also known as Tamerlane chess), which thrived in the Turco-Mongol empire of Timur (1320s–1405). Timur himself loved to play chess, and he preferred the large board variants over the smaller 8x8 shatranj.<ref name="C&K" /> As such, the invention of this game has also been attributed to Timur himself. He is known to have invited the best shatranj players in the land to his court to play him at the game, including one Ali ash-Shatranji of Tabriz.<ref name=":1">Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 35.</ref> Another legend regarding this type of chess is found in a Persian manuscript which may have been by ash-Shatranji himself. The legend states that this game was given to Alexander in India by Hermes.<ref name=":1" />

According to the Nafa'is al-funun, Great chess uses a chessboard made up of 110 uncheckered squares arranged in a 10×11 pattern. Just as in Citadel shatranj, the board includes citadels that allows the game to end in a draw if the opposing king enters it. In Great chess, two citadels, protrude from the left side on the ninth row and from the right side on the second row, making a total of 112 squares.<ref name="C&K" /><ref>Falkener, Edward (1892). Games Ancient and Oriental. Longmans, Green and Company. Template:Pre-ISBN.</ref> Great chess included the classic shatranj army along with two dabbas and two camels, pieces that had also been seen in earlier 10x10 shatranj variants.<ref name="C&K" />

Pieces

File:Faras, Zurafa, Pil, Tali'a.jpg
Left to right: the faras (knight), zurafa (giraffe), pil (elephant), and tali'a (picket)

The following list contains one list of the pieces of Great chess:<ref name="C&K" />

Opening setup

There are several ways for an opening setup to be arranged. A common one is as follows:

  • Template:Em (bottom row, from the left): elephant, (space), camel, (space), war machine, (space), war machine, (space), camel, (space), elephant.
  • Template:Em (from the left): rook, knight, picket, giraffe, general, king, vizier, giraffe, picket, knight, rook.
  • Template:Em (from the left): pawn of pawns, pawn of war engines, pawn of camels, pawn of elephants, pawn of general, pawn of king, pawn of vizier, pawn of giraffes, pawn of pickets, pawn of knights, pawn of rooks.

The vizier is on the right side of the king, while the ferz is on the left.

Tamerlane chessboard arrays <ref name="C&K" />

Template:Col-begin Template:Col-break Template:Tamerlane chess diagram Template:Col-break Template:Tamerlane chess diagram Template:Col-break Template:Tamerlane chess diagram Template:Col-end

Template:Clear left

Rules

File:Timur reconstruction03.jpg
Timur The Conqueror, the inventor of the game

The objective of Tamerlane chess, as in modern chess, is to checkmate the opposing shah (king). Unlike in modern chess, stalemating an opponent is also a win.<ref name="C&K" />

Once during the game a player may exchange a checked king for another non-royal piece. A player may move into check if he holds multiple kings. There is no castling or en passant moves in Tamerlane chess. Baring the opponent's king is not considered a win in Tamerlane chess, as the bared king still has the chance to enter the opponent's citadel. There is no three-fold repetition or 50-move draw in Tamerlane chess.<ref name="C&K4">Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). A World of Chess, pp. 31-33. McFarland. Template:ISBN.</ref>

The citadels

The two extra squares that protrude from the left of the ninth rank and the right of the second rank are called citadels (husun, singular hisn). If, at any time during the game a player can move his king into his opponent's citadel, he can declare the game a draw. This is advantageous for a losing player as being stalemated is considered a loss in Tamerlane chess. Alternatively, if a player has a prince or adventitious king on the board when his shah enters his opponent's citadel, his shah can trade places with either of those pieces, and the game continues. The prince or adventitious king can later move out of the citadel to make way for the king to enter again, but the exchange privilege may only be used once. <ref name="C&K2">Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). A World of Chess, pp. 31-33. McFarland. Template:ISBN.</ref>

The shah (king) ranks higher than the prince, which ranks higher than the adventitious king. Only the highest ranking of the three on the board can enter the opponent's citadel.<ref name="C&K3">Cazaux, Jean-Louis and Knowlton, Rick (2017). A World of Chess, pp. 31-33. McFarland. Template:ISBN.</ref>

The adventitious king has the special honor of being the only piece on the board that can enter his own citadel. Upon entering, it becomes immune, thus blocking the opponent from entering the citadel and declaring a draw.<ref>H.J.R. Murray, A History of Chess, 1913</ref>

Pawn promotion

Each pawn was unique, and upon reaching the last rank on the board, a pawn is promoted to its corresponding piece. Thus, the pawn of giraffes becomes a giraffe, etc. Because of this, each pawn was usually a miniature version of its corresponding piece instead of being an identical interchangeable pawn chess piece.<ref name="C&K" /> The exceptions to this rule are the pawn of kings and pawn of pawns.<ref name="C&K" />

A pawn of kings becomes a prince (shahzada) which moves like a king. If both a prince and a king exist simultaneously on the board, one of the two must be captured (like a regular piece) before the other can be checked/checkmated or stalemated to win the game.<ref name="C&K" />

When the pawn of pawns reaches the last rank, it stays there and cannot be Template:Chessgloss. As soon as a situation develops where the opponent cannot escape losing a piece to a pawn, or where a pawn may attack two opposing units simultaneously (forked), the player must move his/her pawn to that location. It moves to this location even if the square is occupied, either by an allied or opposing piece. The piece occupying the square is removed from the board. On the pawn's next move, it may capture any piece it is attacking. It then continues forward on the board as a pawn. Upon the second promotion of this pawn, it moves to the starting point of the pawn of king. Upon the third promotion it becomes an adventitious king, which has the moves of the king, with one special exception as described in the next section. If an adventitious king exists on the board simultaneously with a prince and/or a king, they must be captured like a regular piece until only one remains, which must then be checkmated or stalemated to win.<ref>John Gollon, Chess Variants, Ancient, Regional and Modern, pp. 76–77</ref><ref name="C&K" />

Great Chess Completed

In a few manuscripts the empty squares on the back rank are filled with several new types of pieces and this variant has been called "Great Chess Completed." The following setup appears in manuscript 7322 (British Museum) which reproduces the work of Timur biographer Arabshah (15th c.):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Tamerlane chess diagram

Pieces:

  • elephant (a1), lion (b1), knight (c1), bull (d1), war engine (e1), revealer (f1), war engine (g1), bull (h1), camel (i1), lion (j1), elephant (k1)
  • rook (a2), knight (b2), picket (c2), giraffe (d2), general (e2), king (f2), sea monster (g2), giraffe (h2), picket (i2), knight (j2), rook (k2)
  • pawn of pawns (a3), pawn of knights (b3), pawn of camels (c3), pawn of war engines (d3), pawn of generals (e3), pawn of kings (f3), pawn of sea monsters (g3), pawn of giraffes (h3), pawn of pickets (i3), pawn of lions (j3), pawn of rooks (k3)
  • pawn of bulls (c4), pawn of revealers (f4), pawn of elephants (i4)
  • File:Chess zlt45.svgFile:Chess zdt45.svg lion (‘asad)
  • File:Chess Ult45.svgFile:Chess Udt45.svg bull (thaurs)
  • File:Chess wlt45.svgFile:Chess wdt45.svg revealer (kashshâf)
  • File:Chess tlt45.svgFile:Chess tdt45.svg sea monster (luxm)

Black's 1st, 2nd, and 3rd rows are arranged following rotation symmetry as in the standard setup: but the 4th row is arranged with reflection symmetry, so that the pawns of bulls face each other. Note that there is only one camel, but three knights (one knight replaces the missing camel). A sea monster replaces the vizier.<ref>Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 36.</ref>

The manuscript does not offer guidance as to how the extra pieces move, historians have given different suggestions.<ref name=":2">Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 37.</ref> Duncan Forbes suggested in 1860 that the lion should combine the moves of rook and giraffe; the bull should combine the moves of picket and giraffe; and the revealer should combine the moves of picket and rook. (He gave the picket the move of the modern bishop, thus making the revealer identical to the modern queen.) Jean-Louis Cazaux suggests instead that the extra pieces were simple leapers: the lion a (3,0)-leaper, the bull a (3,2)-leaper, and the revealer a (3,3)-leaper. Both assume that the sea monster is identical to the vizier: a (1,0)-leaper.<ref name=":2" />

Turkish Great Chess and other similar variants

Great chess seems to have remained popular in Persia and Central Asia for the following centuries. Turkish great chess was one popular descendant of Timurid Great chess. This variant used an even bigger 13x13 board and introduced another unique piece called the rhino (Rh) which can move like a knight or a bishop.<ref name=":3">Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 37.</ref> This Great chess variant is described in a Turkish encyclopedia by Abū'r-Rafīd Muḥammad Ḥafīd Ibn-Muṣṭafā ʿĀšir published in Istanbul between 1805 and 1806.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">Markov, Georgi & Härtel, Stefan. (2020). Turkish Great Chess and Chinese Whispers: Misadventures of a Chess Variant. Board Game Studies Journal. 14. 43-60. 10.2478/bgs-2020-0003. </ref>

Each player has: a king, 1 counselor / ferz (moves like orthodox chess queen), 1 grand vizier (move like queen+knight, i.e. amazon), 2 gazelles (move like Timur's camel, 3-1 leaper), 2 rhinoceroses (B+N), 2 elephants, 2 horses, 2 rooks, and 13 pawns.<ref name=":5" />

The starting array is as follows:<ref name=":5" />

RBNRhGQKVGRhNBR

There is no castling but the king may jump like a knight one time during the whole game. This move is also lost after the first check (which the king can escape using this move).<ref name=":5" /> Pawns can promote to any captured piece, if there are none, they must stay on the 12th rank.<ref name=":5" />

There seem to have been other traditions of similar great chess variants. For example, Polish historian Jerzy Gizycki discusses a 12x12 Indian variant with birds, crocodiles, giraffes, lions and unicorns in his A History of Chess.<ref name=":4">Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 38.</ref> He also mentions how the 15th century Uzbek poet Alisher Navoi talked of a similar Central Asian game.<ref name=":4" /> Similar large chess variants continued to be played in India for centuries. One such variant was known to have been played in Hyderbarad and is known as Hyderbarad Shatranj Kabir. It used a 12x12 board and is discussed in a Persian text known as the Sardarnama (Book of Commanders, c. 1798) which discusses various chess variants for larger boards which were also called shatranj al-kabir.<ref>Cazaux & Knowlton (2017), p. 70.</ref> Another large chess variant from an earlier time is the Spanish Grant Acedrex.

Tamerlane Chess Club

A public chess club in Jamestown, New York, named Tamerlane Chess Club, is dedicated to this game as well as other ancient chess variants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

Further reading


Template:Chess Template:Chess variants

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