Grey-winged trumpeter

The grey-winged trumpeter (Psophia crepitans) is a member of a small family of birds, the Psophiidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Taxonomy

The grey-winged trumpeter was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under current the binomial name Psophia crepitans. Linnaeus based his account on the earlier description by the French naturalist Pierre Barrère.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Linnaeus specified the type locality as "America meridionali" but this is now restricted to Cayenne in French Guiana based on Barrère.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The specific epithet is Latin meaning "breaking wind" or "resounding".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The grey-winged trumpeter's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy recognise three subspecies:<ref name=ioc>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022</ref>

• P. c. crepitans Linnaeus, 1758 – Venezuela and southeast Colombia through the Guianas and north Brazil
• P. c. napensis Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1873 – southeast Colombia to northeast Peru and northwest Brazil
• P. c. ochroptera Pelzeln, 1857 – central north Brazil

Some authors treat P. c. ochroptera as a subspecies of the pale-winged trumpeter (P. leucoptera) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World treats it as a separate species, the ochre-winged trumpeter.<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 24, 2022</ref><ref name=HBW2021>HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022</ref> In addition, there has been some suggestion that the other two subspecies also warrant treatment as species.<ref name=Ribas>Template:Cite journal</ref> This article follows the three-subspecies model.

Description

The grey-winged trumpeter is a chicken-like bird with a long neck and legs and a hump-backed profile. It is Template:Convert long. Two males weighed Template:Convert and six females weighed between Template:Convert. The sexes are similar in appearance. Their stout, slightly decurved, bill is yellowish green and their legs and feet greenish olive. Their plumage is mostly black. The nominate subspecies has green or violet iridescence on the lower neck. Its inner wings and rump are ashy gray and the middle of the back is ochre to chestnut. Subspecies P. c. napensis has bronzy or purple iridescence, lighter gray wings and rump, and a more ferruginous back. P. c. ochroptera has entirely ochraceous wings, rump, and middle back.<ref name=GWTR-BOW>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Distribution and habitat

The grey-winged trumpeter is a bird of the northern Amazon Basin. The nominate subspecies is found from southeastern Colombia east through eastern and southern Venezuela and the Guianas and south into Brazil to the Amazon River east of the Rio Negro. P. c. ochroptera is found in northwestern Brazil north of the Amazon and west of the Rio Negro. P. c. napensis is found from southeastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador into northeastern Peru and east into extreme northwestern Brazil north of the Amazon.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

The grey-winged trumpeter inhabits dense lowland tropical rainforest. Within that broad category it favors landscapes away from human habitations and with an open understory and many fruiting trees. Despite being mostly a bird of the lowlands it sometimes can be found in higher elevation cloudforest.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

Behavior

The grey-winged trumpeter is a gregarious species that lives in flocks of up to about 15 birds of all ages. Each flock maintains a territory that could be as large as about Template:Convert.

Movement

The grey-winged trumpeter is entirely non-migratory and tends to move only within the flock's territories. It does not cross major rivers.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

Feeding

Adult grey-winged trumpeters feed mostly on soft fruit that has fallen to the forest floor. Though much of it has been knocked loose or picked and dropped by squirrel monkeys or arboreal birds, it tends to persist so the trumpeters do not need follow monkey troops. Fruits eaten are usually those of large trees but trumpeters will pick fruit from shrubs as well. About 10% of their diet is small arthropods, some of which they capture when following army ant swarms. Chicks are fed a greater percentage of arthropods when young. Adults also eat small vertebrates but only rarely.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

Breeding

Grey-winged trumpeters are polyandrous and cooperative breeders. Up to three males mate with the dominant female of the flock, and all members contribute to raising the young. The species usually nests in holes in trees that have been excavated by other species, and sometimes also in natural breaks where for instance a trunk has split. They do not build a nest in the hole. They apparently time their breeding so the eggs hatch at the beginning of the local rainy season when fruit, and especially insects, are abundant. The clutch size is two to four eggs but usually three.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

Vocalization

All trumpeters are highly vocal. The grey-winged trumpeter's song is a low humming "wuh-wuh-wuh wuh wuh - -". Its alarm call is "loud, harsh 'GRAH' notes".<ref name=GWTR-BOW/><ref name=vanPerlo>Template:Cite book</ref>

In captivity

Indigenous peoples tame trumpeters as sentinels because of their predator-spotting ability and loud alarm call; they are also thought to kill snakes.<ref name=GWTR-BOW/>

A captive grey-winged trumpeter named Trumpy was kept at Jersey Zoo by the author Gerald Durrell, and was noted for interacting with the people and animals of the zoo. "Trumpy" is mentioned several times in Durrell's book "Menagerie Manor".

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so assesses the grey-winged and ochre-winged trumpters separately. Both are rated as being of Least Concern. The population size of neither is known but both are believed to be decreasing. The white-winged trumpeter sensu lato is heavily hunted. It is frequently trapped by indigenous peoples but does not reproduce in that captivity. Deforestation for timber, ranching, and gold mining is an ongoing threat.<ref name=IUCN1/><ref name=IUCN2/>

Gallery

• Jacksonville Zoo, Florida
  Jacksonville Zoo, Florida
• Grey wings
  Grey wings
• Another view of the bird's wings
  Another view of the bird's wings
• A flock in French Guiana
  A flock in French Guiana

External links

• Template:Usurped (with RangeMap(~accurate))
• "Gray-winged trumpeter" photo gallery VIREO Photo-High Res