Guru Amar Das
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Guru Amar Das (Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pronunciation: Template:IPA; 5 May 1479 – 1 September 1574), sometimes spelled as Guru Amardas, was the third guru of Sikhism and became Sikh Guru on 26 March 1552 at age 73.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Failed verification<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Before becoming a Sikh (Shishya from Sanskrit), on a pilgrimage after having been prompted to search for a guru, he heard his nephew's wife, Bibi Amro, reciting a hymn by Guru Nanak, and was deeply moved by it.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29"/> Amro was the daughter of Guru Angad, the second Guru of the Sikhs. Amar Das persuaded Amro to introduce him to her father.<ref name=cole20>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1539, Amar Das, at the age of sixty, met Guru Angad and became a Sikh, devoting himself to the Guru.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1552, before his death, Guru Angad appointed Amar Das as the third Guru of Sikhism.<ref name="Farhadian2015p342"/>
Guru Amar Das was an important innovator in the teachings of Guru who introduced a religious organization called the Manji system by appointing trained clergy, a system that expanded and survives into the contemporary era.<ref name="cole20" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> He also established the Peerah system for propagating the religion to women.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite book</ref> He wrote and compiled hymns into a Pothi (book) that ultimately helped create the Adi Granth.<ref name="Fenech2014p41" /><ref name="Balslev2014p39" /> He also enacted social reforms, such as by allowing widow remarriage, promoting intercaste alliance, encouraging monogamy, banning sati, and discouraging purdah.<ref name=":22" />
Amar Das remained the Guru of the Sikhs till age 95, and named his son-in-law Bhai Jetha, who was later remembered by the name Guru Ram Das, as his successor.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Singha2000p14">Template:Cite book</ref>
Early life
Family background and birth
Amar Das was born to mother Bakht Kaur (also known as Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, or Rup KaurTemplate:Efn) and father Tej Bhan Bhalla on 5 May 1479 in Basarke village in what is now called Amritsar district of Punjab (India).Template:Efn<ref name=":8">Template:Cite book</ref> His grandfather was Hari Das.<ref name=":8" /> His family belonged to the Bhalla gotra (clan) of the Khatri tribe. Amar Das was the eldest child out of four sons.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das worked as both an agriculturalist and a trader.<ref name=":022" />
Birth year
Whilst the most commonly accepted and recorded date for Guru Amar Das' birth year is 1479, many sources give a much later date of 1509.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":10">Template:Cite book</ref>
Some sources that affirm the 1479 year of birth for the guru are: Ganda Singh's Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan, Karam Singh's Gurpurab Nirnay, Kahn Singh Nabha's Mahan Kosh, Max Arthur MaCauliffe's The Sikh Religion, and Giani Gian Singh's Panth Prakash and Twarikh Guru Khalsa.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
Sources that give a later year of 1509 as the birth year for the guru are: Joseph Davey Cunningham's History of the Sikhs and Kesar Singh Chibber's Bansavalinama.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
Kavi Santokh Singh in the Suraj Prakash gives an even earlier year of birth of 1469, coinciding with Guru Nanak's.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
Marriage
In his early 20s, Amar Das married Mansa Devi and they had four children which they named Dani (daughter; born in 1530), Bhani (daughter; born 3 August 1533), Mohan (son; born 11 March 1536), and Mohri (son; born 2 June 1539).Template:Efn<ref name="eosamardas">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani was his favourite child of the four.<ref name=":8" />
Religious pilgrimages
Amar Das had followed the Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism for much of his life.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was reputed to have gone on some twenty annual pilgrimages into the Himalayas, to Haridwar on river Ganges.<ref name=":022" /> About 1539, on one such Hindu pilgrimage, he met a Hindu monk (sadhu) who asked him why he did not have a guru (teacher, spiritual counselor) and Amar Das decided to get one.<ref name="eosamardas" /><ref name=":022" /> On his return from his twentieth pilgrimage to the Ganges River, he heard Bibi Amro, the daughter of the Sikh Guru Angad, singing a hymn by Guru Nanak.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name=":022" /> Amro had been acquainted with Amar Das through her in-laws, whom Amar Das was related to (Amro was married to the son of Amar Das' brother).<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> He learned from her about Guru Angad, and with her help met the second Guru of Sikhism and adopted him as his spiritual Guru who was much younger than his own age.<ref name="eosamardas" /><ref name=":022" />
Service of Guru Angad
Amar Das is famous in the Sikh tradition for his relentless service to Guru Angad, with legends about waking up in the early hours and fetching water for his Guru's bath, cleaning and cooking for the volunteers with the Guru, as well devoting much time to meditation and prayers in the morning and evening.<ref name=eosamardas/>
Due to his selfless devotion to the second guru, Angad nominated Amar Das as his spiritual successor on 29 March 1552.<ref name=":8" />
Guruship
After eleven years most devoted service of Guru Angad and the sangats, Amar Das was nominated the third guru. Amar Das moved to Goindwal situated not far away from Khadur on the bank of river Beas on the high road to Lahore, about 8 kilometres from Kapurthala and 45 kms. from Amritsar. He did so to avoid the pending conflict with Angad's sons who had not approved of their supersession. Even at Goindwal he was harassed by Angad's son Datu. He went to Goindwal and said: "Only yesterday thou wert a water-carrier in our house, and today thou sittest as a Guru. "Saying this he kicked the Guru off his seat. Amar Das humbly said: "O great king, pardon me. Thou must have hurt thy foot." Amar Das retired from Goindwal and hid himself in a house at Basarke, his home village. Datu set himself up as the Guru. Amar Das was persuaded by Baba Buddha to return, and Datu, finding no following, went back to Khadur.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Teachings
Guru Amar Das taught with his own life the meaning of Guru Service, also known in Punjabi religious parlance as Guru Sewa. (also spelt Sevā). Amar Das emphasized both spiritual pursuits as well as an ethical daily life. He encouraged his followers to wake up before dawn, do their ablutions and then meditate in silent seclusion.<ref name=eosamardas/> A good devotee, taught Amar Das, should be truthful, keep his mind in control, eat only when hungry, seek the company of pious men, worship the Lord, make an honest living, serve holy men, not covet another's wealth and never slander others. He recommended holy devotion with Guru's image in his follower's hearts.<ref name=eosamardas/>
Guru Amar Das was also a reformer, and discouraged veiling of women's faces (a Muslim custom) as well as sati (a Hindu custom).<ref name=eosamardas/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He encouraged the Kshatriya people to fight in order to protect people and for the sake of justice, stating this is Dharma.<ref name="Sambhi2005p29">Template:Cite book</ref> He promoted inter-caste marriages, going against the traditional Punjabi social orthodoxy at the time by doing-so.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref> He also promoted the remarriage of widows.<ref name=":7" /> He promulgated monogamy as the ideal romantic relationship type.<ref name=":7" />
Influence
Religious organization and missionary dissemination
Guru Amar Das started the tradition of appointing manji (zones of religious administration with an appointed chief called sangatias, whom were both men and women),<ref name="cole20" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> introduced the dasvandh ("the tenth" of income) system of revenue collection in the name of Guru and as pooled community religious resource,<ref name="Farhadian2015p342">Template:Cite book</ref> and the famed langar tradition of Sikhism where anyone, without discrimination of any kind, could get a free meal in a communal seating.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> He also started and inaugurated the 84-level step well called baoli at Goindval with a resting place, modeled along the lines of the Indian tradition of dharmsala, which then became a Sikh pilgrimage (tirath) center.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">Template:Cite book</ref> Another organization analogous of the Manji was the Piri, which involved an appointed preaching official and missionary for Sikh assemblies and congregations whom were all women and instructed to spread Sikhism amongst womankind (especially women belonging to Muslim backgrounds).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> According to W. Owen Cole, establishment of the manji and piri systems may have been motivated by the large amounts of new converts coming into the Sikh faith, especially in the Punjab.<ref name=":0" /> However, many of these converts brought in beliefs and practices of their original faith, so the preachers were appointed to instruct them on proper Sikh orthodoxy and orthopraxy, essentially motivating them to choose the Sikh faith and all that comes with it, even if it involves discarding their old ways of spirituality in the process.<ref name=":0" /> He appointed women to become the congregation leaders of the jurisdictions of Afghanistan and Kashmir.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The women appointed for leading the Piri system of disseminating Sikhism to women were Bhani (his younger daughter), Bibi Dani (his elder daughter), and Bibi Pal, all of whom were intellectual types.<ref name=":3" /> The Piri system also educated womenfolk in social plus religious norms and customs.<ref name=":3" />
Amar Das personally patronized the education of his son-in-law Jetha (future Guru Ram Das) in North Indian classical music, and Bhai Gurdas, in various languages and religious literature.<ref name=":022">Template:Cite book</ref>
Banning of Sati
Guru Amar Das was a strong opponent of sati, the practice of widowed wives being immolated on the funeral pyre of their deceased husband during the latter's cremation.<ref name=":1" /> He states the following regarding the practice:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>
He further states:<ref name=":4" />
Opposing the Purdah system
Purdah is a traditional custom of women obscuring their face and bodies when in the company of men and secluding themselves from the company of men. Guru Amar Das was vehemently against this custom and is said to have once reprimanded the visiting raja (king) of Haripur and his wives when the latter observed the custom around him.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> One of the queens of the raja refused to part ways with veiling herself, in which the Guru responded: "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why halt thou come hither."<ref name=":3" />
Akbar
The Mughal Emperor Akbar met Guru Amar Das. According to the Sikh legend, he neither received Akbar nor was Akbar directly ushered to him, rather the Guru suggested that Akbar like everyone sit on the floor and eat in the langar with everyone before their first meeting. Akbar, who sought to encourage tolerance and acceptance across religious lines, readily accepted the suggestion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After the conclusion of the Langar, Akbar sat in the congregation with the rest of the sangat and asked the Guru a question.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Sikh hagiographies called janam-sakhis mention that Guru Amar Das persuaded Akbar to repeal the tax on Hindu pilgrims going to Haridwar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Prominent Sikh figure Bhai Mani Singh (1718), mentions prior to the meeting Akbar pleaded the Guru for a blessing in annexing the difficult to capture Chittorgarh, which the Guru gave and after the meeting he gave 84 villages in the name of his prominent Sikh Guru Ram Das after the Guru himself refused.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Rituals in Sikhism: wedding, festivals, funeral
Amar Das composed the rapturous hymn called Anand and made it a part of the ritual of Sikh marriage called "Anand Karaj", which literally means "blissful event".<ref>Template:Cite book, Quote: "The name of the wedding ceremony, anand karaj (anand = bliss, karaj = event), is derived from Guru Amar Das's rapturous hymn Anand (bliss)."</ref><ref name="Ruether2006p700">Template:Cite book</ref>
Amar Das believed that a successful marriage was one in which the souls of the husband and wife became one metaphorically:<ref name=":4" />
The Anand hymn is sung, in contemporary times, not only during Sikh weddings but also at major celebrations. Parts of the "Anand hymn" are recited in Sikh temples (Gurdwara) every evening, at the naming of a Sikh baby, as well as during a Sikh funeral.<ref name=fenech35>Template:Cite book</ref> It is a section of the Anand Sahib composition of Guru Amar Das, printed on pages 917 to 922 of the Adi Granth and set to the "Ramkali" raga.<ref name=fenech35/><ref name="Mandair2013p89"/>
Guru Amar Das's entire Anand Sahib composition is a linguistic mix of Panjabi and Hindi languages, reflecting Guru Amar Das' upbringing and background. The hymn celebrates the freedom from suffering and anxiety, the union of the soul with the divine, describing a devotee's bliss achieved through the Guru with inner devotion and by repeating the Name of the Creator.<ref name="Mandair2013p89"/> The hymn states in stanza 19 that the Vedas teach "the Name is supreme", in stanza 27 that Smriti and Shastra discuss the good and the bad but are unreal because they lack a Guru and that it is the grace of the Guru which awakens the heart and the devotion to the Name. The hymn celebrates the life of a householder and constant inner devotion to the One, ending each stanza with the characteristic "says Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">Template:Cite book</ref>
Guru Amar Das is also credited in the Sikh tradition to have encouraged building of temples and places where Sikhs could gather together on festivals such as Maghi,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Diwali and Vaisakhi.<ref name="Singha2005p101">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Richman2001p403">Template:Cite book</ref> He required his disciples to gather together for prayers and communal celebrations in autumn for Diwali and in spring for Vaisakhi, both post harvest ancient festivals of India.<ref name="Sambhi2005p29"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Amar Das: Sikh Guru, Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>
Founding of Goindwal and construction of the Baoli Sahib
Guru Amar Das was responsible for establishing a new centre of Sikh authority at Goindwal and erecting a stepwell known as Baoli Sahib at the location.<ref name=":022" /> The foresight of the Guru building a headquarters at the central location of Goindwal in the Punjab on the bank of the Beas River, being intersected by the three major cultural regions of the area (Majha, Malwa, and Doaba), may have facilitated the fast-spread of Sikhism throughout the three main regions of Punjab.<ref name=":022" /> The Baoli Sahib was the first truly Sikh pilgrimage site and it helped attract new prospective members to the faith.<ref name=":022" />
Site of the Golden Temple
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Guru Amar Das selected the site in Amritsar village for a special temple, that Guru Ram Das began building, Guru Arjan completed and inaugurated, and the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh gilded. This temple has evolved into the contemporary "Harimandir Sahib", or the temple of Hari (God), also known as the Golden Temple.<ref name="Arshi1989p5">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p139" /> It is the most sacred pilgrimage site in Sikhism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Festivals
Scholars such as Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech and William McLeod state that Guru Amar Das was influential in introducing "distinctive features, pilgrimages, festivals, temples and rituals" that ever since his time have been an integral part of Sikhism.<ref name="Fenech2014p41" /> He was responsible for solidifying the dates of Vaisakhi and Diwali as biannual affairs where Sikhs could gather together and meet directly with their guru.<ref name=":022" />
Scripture
Amar Das is also remembered as the innovator who began the collection of hymns now known as Goindwal Pothi or Mohan Pothi, the precursor to what became the Adi Granth – the first edition of Sikh scripture – under the fifth Sikh Master, which finally emerged as the Guru Granth Sahib under the tenth Sikh Master.<ref name="Fenech2014p41">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Pashaura Singh (1996), Scriptural Adaptation in the Adi Granth, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Oxford University Press, Volume 64, Number 2 (Summer 1996), pages 337–357</ref><ref name=":022" /> The nearly 900 hymns composed by Guru Amar Das constitute the third largest part, or about 15%, of the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name="Balslev2014p39">Template:Cite book</ref>
Choosing a successor
Amar Das had four people in mind that would succeed him as the next Guru:<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Ramu, his son-in-lawTemplate:Efn
- Jetha, his son-in-lawTemplate:Efn
- Mohan, his elder son
- Mohri, his younger son
He devised four tests for them all to undertake to decide who will inherit the guruship.<ref name=":2" /> It is said that only Jetha passed them all.<ref name=":2" />
It has been postulated that he may have considered his own daughter, Bhani, as a possible successor for the guruship at some point.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref>
Death
Shortly before his death, it is recorded in Ramkali Sadu (composed by his great-grandson, Baba Sundar), that he called upon all of his familial relatives to acknowledge the new Guru, Ram Das, and personally placed the sandal paste on Bhai Jetha's forehead to anoint him as his successor.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite book</ref> He died in 1574, in Goindwal Sahib, and like other Sikh Gurus he was cremated, with the "flowers" (remaining bones and ash after the cremation) immersed into Template:Transliteration (flowing waters).
Literature
A large amount of written works is attributed to Guru Amar Das. His poetic works closely mirror those of Guru Nanak, a conservative approach which may have been due to the old-age of Amar Das when he became the guru. Furthermore, the Sikh textual tradition advanced heavily during his guruship tenure, with an example being the compiling of the Goindwal Pothis. Amar Das provides commentary on selections of the Bhagat Bani that had by this stage already been included in the Goindwal Pothis. His most principal work was the Anand Sahib, which focuses on the relationship between the guru, his disciples (Sikhs), and bani.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In popular culture
Guru Amardas is a 1979 documentary film, directed by Prem Prakash and produced by the Government of India's Films Division, covering his life and teachings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gallery
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Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.
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Guru Amar Das miniature painting.
See also
Notes
References
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