Gyaru-moji
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:Multiple issues Template:Contains special characters Template:Nihongo3 or Template:Nihongo3 is a style of obfuscated (cant) Japanese writing popular amongst urban Japanese youth. As the name Template:Transliteration suggests (Template:Transliteration meaning "gal"), this writing system was created by and remains primarily employed by young women.<ref name=":0" />
Like the English phenomenon of SMS language, it is most often used for sending cell phone text messages, but while text is used as a form of informal shorthand, a message typed in Template:Transliteration usually requires more characters and effort than the same message typed in plain Japanese. Since writing in Template:Transliteration requires extra effort, and due to the perception of confidentiality, sending Template:Transliteration messages to a peer is seen as a sign of informality or friendship. The origin of this style is unclear but it has been proposed that magazines targeted at teenage girls first made it popular, and the phenomenon started to gain wider attention in media around 2002.<ref name=":0" />
The style has been met with increasing criticism, as its use continues to expand.Template:Citation needed Reported instances of girls using the writing in school work, OLs ("office ladies") adopting the style in the workplace, and Template:Transliteration being used in karaoke subtitling, are examples of this.Template:Citation needed Anthropologist Laura Miller has analyzed Template:Transliteration as an example of gender resistance.<ref name=":0">Laura Miller. 2011. "Subversive script and novel graphs in Japanese girls' culture." Language & Communication Vol. 31, Issue 1: 16-26.</ref>
Several online guides for Template:Transliteration exist, as well as one published book: Template:Transliteration (2004).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Formation
Like leet, Template:Transliteration replaces characters with visually similar characters or combinations of characters. The Japanese language consists of traditional characters of Chinese origin, kanji, and two native syllabic scripts called kana: hiragana and katakana. These characters and scripts are altered to form hidden messages. Hiragana consisting of connected strokes are replaced by symbols or Greek letters: for example, Template:Nihongo may be rendered as the section symbol §. Hiragana consisting of detached elements are replaced by sequences of kana, Western letters, or symbols. For example, Template:Nihongo may be typed as |ま (vertical bar and hiragana Template:Transliteration) or (ま (open parenthesis and Template:Transliteration), Template:Nihongo may be typed as レナ (katakana Template:Transliteration), Iナ (capital i, Template:Transliteration), or († (open parenthesis, dagger), and Template:Nihongo may be typed as ナ= (katakana Template:Transliteration, equals sign) or †こ (dagger, hiragana Template:Transliteration).
Katakana is frequently replaced by similar-looking kanji, such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for Template:Nihongo or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} for Template:Nihongo, in a reversal of the process that turned man'yōgana into kana. Kana and rōmaji may be mixed freely, even within a word, and Latin letters in rōmaji may be replaced with similar-looking Cyrillic letters, such as replacing N with И (Cyrillic I). Compound kanji are decomposed into left and right elements, which are written as individual kanji or kana. For example, the kanji {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning "like, enjoy" may be split into {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (the kanji for woman and child, respectively).
In addition to the basic obfuscation provided by character replacement, another technique used to disguise the content of the message is to use vocabulary and grammar that is uncharacteristic of standard usage.<ref name="GalMojiDotCom">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Combined with character substitution, this can make the meaning of the message almost unintelligible to those not "in the know". This is analogous to the use of leet's specialized grammar. However, the flexible nature of the Japanese language means that although Template:Transliteration phrases sound peculiar to someone expecting formal or even commonly colloquial Japanese, they are often technically still grammatically correct.
For example, the sentence Template:Nihongo is "Right now I am feeling very good." in standard normal-polite Japanese. By first rewording this as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or Template:Nihongo – which roughly translates as "(I have a) Super good feeling!" – and then converting to Template:Transliteration to get {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the message could prove difficult for those not versed in the style to understand.
Conversion chart
The original Japanese hiragana followed by romaji, and then various versions of the Japanese character in Template:Transliteration. The following chart is also available in image form.
- あ a： ぁ・ァ・了
- い i： ぃ・ィ・ﾚヽ・ﾚ丶・レ）・ﾚ`・L丶・Lヽ
- う u： ぅ・ゥ・宀・ヴ
- え e： ぇ・ェ・之・工・ヱ
- お o： ぉ・ォ・才・汚
- か ka： ｶゝ・ｶ丶・ｶヽ・ｶ`・ｶゞ【が】
- き ki： (ｷ・(≠・L≠・‡
- く ku： ＜・〈・勹
- け ke： ヶ・(ﾅ・ﾚ†・ﾚﾅ・|ナ・l+・Iﾅ
- こ ko： 〓・=・]・⊃
- さ sa： 廾・±・(十・L+
- し shi： ι・∪
- す su： £
- せ se： 世・Ш
- そ so： ξ・ζ・`ﾉ・丶/・ヽ丿
- た ta： ﾅ=・+=・†ﾆ・ﾅﾆ
- ち chi： 干・千・于・5
- つ tsu： っ・ッ・⊃
- て te： τ・〒
- と to： ┠・┝・┣・├
- な na： ﾅょ・十ょ・†ょ・ﾅg
- に ni： (ﾆ・|=・丨ﾆ・L=・I=・
- ぬ nu： йu
- ね ne： йё
- の no： /・丿・σ
- は ha： ﾊ〃【バ】・ﾊo【パ】・'`・八・l£・(£・ﾉ|・ﾉl・ﾚ£
- ひ hi： ﾋ〃【ビ】・ﾋo【ピ】・匕
- ふ fu： ﾌ〃【ブ】・ﾌo【プ】・ヴ
- へ he： ﾍ〃【べ】・ﾍo【ペ】・～
- ほ ho： ﾎ〃【ボ】・ﾎo【ポ】・朮
- ま ma： ма・мα
- み mi： 彡
- む mu： £′・厶
- め me： ×・x・χ・乂
- も mo： м○・мσ
- や ya： ゃ・ャ
- ゆ yu： ゅ・ュ・ф
- よ yo： ょ・ョ・∋・чo
- ら ra： яа
- り ri： L|・l)・ﾚ｣・ﾚ)・┗』・└丿
- る ru： ゐ・ゑ・儿・lﾚ・｣レ
- れ re： яё
- ろ ro： з・З・□・回
- わ wa： ゎ・ヮ・wα
- を wo： щo
- ん n： ω・冫・w・h
- ー (long vowel mark)： →・⇒
Compound kanji
Here are some examples of Template:Transliteration created from compound kanji. The kanji characters are followed by their reading and meaning, and the Template:Transliteration derived from them:
- Template:Nihongo3 → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Template:Nihongo3 → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
- Template:Nihongo3 → {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
Examples
| Usual Japanese writing | Template:Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Nihongo | lang}} | Good morning |
| Template:Nihongo | lang}} | Pokémon |
| Template:Nihongo | lang}} | I like Takeshi. |
Cultural attitudes
As a youth culture element produced by women, Template:Transliteration is not well received by the older Japanese public. From a traditionalist perspective, Template:Transliteration rejects the elegant, painstaking brushstrokes of Japanese writing embraced by the art of Japanese calligraphy. From a contemporary perspective, Template:Transliteration may be likened to other recent comical scripts, such as the bubble-like Template:Transliteration from the 1980s. Since its widespread use in the early 2000s, television programs and public attention has taken note of Template:Transliteration. However, this innovative writing system subverts cultural norms and breaks linguistic barriers, endowing Template:Transliteration with a rebellious nature.<ref name=":0" />
See also
- Japanese typographic symbols for explanations of some of the above Japanese symbols.
- Goroawase, a different form of obfuscated Japanese based on numerical substitutions.
- Martian language, a similar phenomenon in the Chinese language.
- Emoji
- Leet
- Yaminjeongeum
- IDN homograph attack