HAL Tejas
Template:Short description Template:Pp-extended Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox aircraft
The HAL Tejas (Template:Lit) is an Indian single-engine, 4.5 generation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> delta wing,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> multirole<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> combat aircraft designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Navy.<ref name=":44">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The aircraft made its first flight in 2001 and entered into service with the IAF in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is the smallest and lightest of the supersonic fighter jets of its generation.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref>
The aircraft was officially named as Tejas in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The name means 'radiance' or 'brilliance' in Sanskrit, and continued an Indian tradition of choosing Sanskrit-language names for both domestically produced and imported combat aircraft.<ref name=":tejas">Template:Cite web</ref>
Tejas is the second jet powered combat aircraft developed by HAL, after the HF-24 Marut.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It has two production combat variants – Mark 1 and Mark 1A apart from trainers. In 2016, the Mark 1 aircraft had an indigenous content of 59.7% by value and 75.5% by the number of line replaceable units,<ref name=":firstflight">Template:Cite news</ref> which was increased in the 1A variant.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
Template:As of, the IAF has about 31 Mark 1 aircraft and six trainers in its inventory across two squadrons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Tejas">Template:Cite news</ref> The first squadron, No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers) became operational in 2016 and is based at Sulur in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. The second squadron, No. 18 Squadron IAF (Flying Bullets) is based at Naliya in Gujarat in Western India.<ref name=":tejas" /> The IAF has 141 combat aircraft of the Mark 1A type on order, in addition to 41 trainers.<ref name="Tejas" /><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="Order">Template:Cite news</ref> The IAF plans to procure at least 324 aircraft or 18 squadrons of Tejas in all variants, including the heavier Tejas Mark 2 which is currently being developed.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite news</ref>
Development
LCA programme
In the 1980s, the Indian Air Force (IAF) had been operating ageing fighter aircraft such as the MiG-21. The MiG-21 had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963, and the IAF had operated 874 of these aircraft in the past.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite web</ref> The Long Term Re-Equipment Plan of 1981 of the Ministry of Defence noted that most of these fighter aircraft were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1983, the Government of India established the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme with the initial goal of developing a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing fleet of the IAF.<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1984, the government established the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the aegis of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.<ref name=":15"/> The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was chosen as the principal contractor.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The government's requirements for the aircraft included the following: fly-by-wire flight control system, multi-mode pulse-doppler radar, and afterburning turbofan engine.<ref name=":18">Template:Cite web</ref>
The project definition phase commenced in October 1986.<ref name=":15"/> French company Dassault-Breguet acted as a consultant for the design and system integration of the planned aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kota Harinarayana was appointed as the director and chief designer of the LCA programme.<ref name=":16">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While the project was initially conceived to replace the MiG-21 aircraft, the Minister of Defence told the Indian Parliament in 2021 that the aircraft is no longer considered as a replacement for the MiG-21, and is part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Design
The design of the LCA was finalised in 1990 as a small tailless compound delta wing design with relaxed static stability. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability, it was planned to be a control configured vehicle incorporating a digital fly by wire flight control system.<ref name=":16"/> Dassault-Breguet offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the project, consisting of three digital channels and one analog channel, with a redundant analog channel as a back up. However, the ADA favored a quadruplex (four) digital channel flight control system.<ref name=":16"/> In 1992, a dedicated National Control Law team (CLAW) was set up by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) to develop an indigenous fly by wire flight control system for the aircraft. While initially Lockheed Martin was proposed as a partner, it did not materialise following a United States led embargo in response to India's second nuclear tests in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.<ref name=":16" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system was developed in house for the LCA.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an Iron Bird test rig. The flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on the test rig.<ref name=":16" /> Aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at NAL's Template:Cvt tri-sonic wind tunnel facility.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
For the multi-mode radar (MMR), the team intended to use the Ericsson–Ferranti PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar used on Saab JAS 39 Gripen.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, DRDO later decided to develop an indigenous radar for the aircraft. DRDO's Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) laboratory and HAL were jointly assigned the MMR development programme, and with the work commencing in 1997.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> The Centre for Airborne Systems was responsible for the MMR's test programme, and a HS-748 airborne surveillance aircraft was re-fitted for the purpose.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite book</ref> By 2005, only two radar modes–the air-to-air look-up and look-down were successfully tested, and the performance of other modes that had been tested were rated as sub-optimal.<ref name=":17"/> The problem was attributed to the lack of compatibility between the radar and the LRDE's signal processor module.<ref name=":1"/>
The development of MMR was later abandoned in favour of using a foreign developed radar as an interim option.<ref name=":19"/><ref name=":19">Template:Cite news</ref> The Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 multi-mode and EL/M-2052 Active electronically scanned array radar units were selected for the Mk1 and initial Mk 1A aircraft respectively.<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> In 2012, the DRDO started development of the Uttam AESA Radar, which was undergoing trails as of 2024.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref>
The ADA was successful in the development and manufacturing of carbon fibre composite structures and skins, and a glass cockpit for the aircraft.<ref name=":16" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Autolay computer-aided design software developed as part of the LCA programme was later licensed to Airbus for its A380 wide-body aircraft project.<ref name=":18"/> The government's self-reliance goal oriented development considerably increased the sourcing of indigenous components for the programme and contributed to the expansion of the aviation industry.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For the LCA programme, Amphenol provided loom assemblies, Lakshmi Machine Works produced air intakes, and Tata Advanced Systems manufactured the composite parts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Prototypes and testing
On 4 January 2001, the first technology demonstrator (TD-1) successfully achieved flight.<ref name=":16" /> The second such aircraft (TD-2) began testing in 2003. The first production variant (PV-1) made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer variant (PV-5) was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.<ref name=":7" /> A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various aircraft carrier-related trials at the Shore Based Test Facility in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier Template:INS in January 2020.<ref name=":20" />
The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.<ref name=":7" /> A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the R-73<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Python-5 close combat missiles, the I-Derby ER beyond visual range air-to-air missile<ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref> and guided–unguided munition releases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli Elta EL/M-2032 multi-mode radar, and EL/M-2052 AESA radar,<ref name="aviationweek.com">Template:Cite web</ref> and the Indian Uttam AESA Radar<ref name=":21"/> and Rafael Litening targeting pod.<ref name=":17"/> The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.<ref name=":21"/> The high altitude trials<ref name=":22">Template:Cite web</ref> and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC<ref name=":23">Template:Cite web</ref> and FOC configurations.<ref name=":22"/> These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius<ref name=":22"/> to more than +45 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":23"/>
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Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high angle of attack (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the flight envelope.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight engine relight test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) bearings and power take-off shaft. The Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Operational clearance
In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.<ref name="hindu_tejas">Prasad, K. V. "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance." The Hindu, (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Template:Webarchive</ref> To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, angle of attack and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="thin9143">Template:Cite news</ref> The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2">Template:Cite news</ref> The No. 45 Squadron IAF based at Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.<ref name=":26">Template:Cite web</ref>
The FOC campaign began in December 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and inflight refueling capability.<ref name="thin9143"/> In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,<ref name=":24" /> which shortens the turnaround time<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.<ref name=":27" /> In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.<ref name=":24" /> In January 2019, HAL received permission from CEMILAC to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The HAL handed over the FOC certificate to the then Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at the Yelahanka Air Force base. After the formal ceremoney, ACM Dhanoa stated that Tejas was "ready" and "behaved like a true fighter".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The second Tejas squadron – No.18 Flying Bullets was formed at Sulur Air Force Station on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at Sulur Air Force Station on 23 October 2021. Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.<ref name="tejas-fms">Template:Cite web</ref>
Upgrades and further development
In May 2015, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the ability to survive and operation deployment of the aircraft in actual combat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A few of these shortcomings, including lack of combat endurance, were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.<ref name=":24">Template:Cite web</ref> Tejas Mark 1 FOC is modified to perform in-flight refuelling from Ilyushin Il-78 and Sukhoi Su-30MKI. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, Nashik facility with Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23.<ref name=":37">Template:Cite news</ref>
The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed, would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,<ref name=":25" /> updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.<ref name=":25">Template:Cite web</ref>
An agreement has been signed by the Indian Air Force and the Aeronautical Development Agency to include advanced weaponry and sensors into HAL Tejas. By transferring technical know-how for the smooth integration of weapons and sensors, ADA and the IAF's Software Development Institute (SDI) hope to empower the IAF to carry out integration and flight testing on its own.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 5 March 2024, the high-altitude testing for On-Board Oxygen Generating System centric Life Support System (OBOGS-ILSS) of Tejas was successfully completed by DRDO. It could be used in MiG-29K, Tejas Mk2, AMCA, TEDBF and other aircraft with modifications. LCA PV-3 aircraft were used to test the system under a variety of flight conditions, including high g force and altitudes of up to Template:Convert. OBOGS oxygen concentrations, demand breathing, 100% oxygen availability, and aerobatic maneuvers at the necessary altitudes for complete functional testing were carried out following CEMILAC flight approval. All of the parameters have been met by the system which will replace the earlier Liquid Oxygen System (LOX).<ref name=":70">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Naval variant
The Naval LCA programme was commenced in 2003.<ref name=":29">Template:Cite web</ref> According to ADA, the Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat NP-1 and the single-seat NP-2, based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the General Electric F414 INS6 engine.<ref name="auto10">Template:Cite web</ref> The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,<ref name=":28" /> and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight">Kumar, Chethan. "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday." Deccan Herald, 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Template:Webarchive</ref> The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.<ref name=":29"/><ref name=":30">Template:Cite news</ref>
In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a SBTF at Template:Ship. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.<ref name=":30"/>
In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.<ref name="janes.com">Template:Cite news</ref>
Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the SBTF in Goa in day time<ref name=":31">Template:Cite web</ref> and night time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,<ref name=":31"/> including 50 ski jump take-offs and 28 arrested landings.<ref name=":32" /> In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its first arrested landing and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier Template:Ship.<ref name=":20">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":31"/>
In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's multi-role carrier borne fighter requirement floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Aero India 2021, a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.<ref name=":32">Template:Cite web</ref>
In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier Template:Ship.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Tejas Mark 1A
The Mk 1A variant was first realised as a compromised variant in 2015 while Manohar Parrikar was the Defence Minister. The variant would include four major upgrades including integration of smart munitions and electronic warfare suites. This was due to the already delayed first flight schedule of Tejas Mk2 of 2022. The schedule was further delayed to 2023 (by 2021) and to 2026 (as of 2025).<ref name=":68" />
The Tejas Mark 1A variant has more than 40 overall improvements over the Mark 1 variant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Upgraded Mark 1A features a new avionic suite centred on EL/M-2052 AESA Radar and Uttam AESA Radar developed in-house. DARE Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, in-flight refuelling capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of Astra BVRAAM and ASRAAM.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":41" /> HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older identification friend or foe system.<ref name=":41">Template:Cite news</ref> To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.<ref name=":37" /> The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.<ref name="auto3">Template:Cite web</ref> Tejas Mark 1A will use indigenously developed Angad electronic warfare suite and DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":47">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
BEL will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from ADA, Air Data Computer from DRDO, Weapon Computers from ADE, Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre, and Head-up display from Central Scientific Instruments Organisation from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL and National Aerospace Laboratories inked a technology transfer agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200 °C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 28 March 2024, Tejas Mark 1A, equipped with the first set of Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door assembly, successfully completed the inaugural flight from HAL facility.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 19 April 2024, ADA delivered the first batch of Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A which consists of an indigenously designed Leading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Module. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The development was the result of the collaboration between ADA, Research Centre Imarat, and Central Manufacturing Technology Institute. The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at HAL Accessories Division in Lucknow.<ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49">Template:Cite web</ref> On 30 May 2025, the first centre fuselage assembly for the Tejas Mk 1A was handed over to HAL by subcontractor VEM Technologies in Hyderabad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Milestones
- According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead, and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022, and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in the second half of 2022.<ref name="iaf-to-get-1st-tejas">Template:Cite web</ref>
- On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> HAL intends to obtain a certificate from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production.
- On 28 March 2024, the first production series Mark 1A aircraft (LA 5033) conducted its inaugural flight which lasted for 18 minutes. The aircraft will undergo more testing before being officially transferred to the IAF.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- On 12 March 2025, Astra Mk-1 successfully demonstrated a direct hit on a flying target from Tejas. This was a significant test for Mark 1A induction.<ref name="Press Information Bureau">Template:Cite news</ref>
Tejas Mark 2
The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful General Electric F414 INS6 engine, canards and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2025, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated infrared search and track (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":27">Template:Cite web</ref> The Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT) is developing aircraft health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in late 2025 or early 2026.<ref name="FG-11022025">Template:Cite web</ref>
Program costs
Development costs
- LCA Programme - Template:INRConvert (up to March 2020)<ref name=":33">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Kaveri engine programme - Template:INRConvert<ref name=":33"/>
- Template:INRConvert additional design and development (Jan 2021)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Flyaway costs
- Template:INRConvert for IOC Mark 1 (2014)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BS25Jan21">Template:Cite news</ref>
- Template:INRConvert for FOC Mark 1 (2010)<ref name="BS25Jan21"/>
- Template:INRConvert for Mark 1A and Template:INRConvert for export variant (2021)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Design
Overview
The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, compound delta wing design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out Interception, air-to-surface and anti-shipping roles in a single mission.<ref name=":34">Template:Cite web</ref> The wind tunnel testing and computational fluid dynamics analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave drag, as well low wing-loading.<ref name=":16" />
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Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side air-intake, one under the fuselage (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as FLIR, IRST or laser rangefinder/designator. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> It has an aerial refuelling probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.<ref name=":35">Template:Cite book</ref> The Tejas weapon suite consists of I-Derby ER and Astra beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.<ref name=":27" /> The Tejas has an internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 twin-barreled autocannon under the starboard side air-intake.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The BrahMos-NG supersonic cruise missile is being developed for the Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings<ref name=":17"/> and so on, reduces the overall radar cross-section of the aircraft.<ref name=":34"/>
Airframe
Apart from aluminium-lithium alloys and titanium alloys,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> carbon-fibre composite materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the highest among contemporary aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The upper and lower wing surfaces, wing spars and wing ribs are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> while the fin tip is made out of fiberglass.<ref name="jawa-1617">Template:Cite book</ref> The extensive use of composite materials in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of joints or rivets, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to fatigue cracks.<ref name=":34"/> The tailfin is a monolithic honeycomb structure, reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a radome made out of Kevlar which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.<ref name=":27" />
The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA has wing leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).<ref name=":17"/> The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,<ref name=":30"/> and an arrestor hook system for carrier landings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A consists of an indigenously designed Leading Edge Slats and Airbrake Control Module. Aeronautical Development Agency, on 19 April 2024, delivered the first batch of these flight control system. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, Lucknow.<ref name=":48">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":49" />
Avionics
The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.<ref name=":27" /> Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.<ref name=":36">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has an electronic warfare (EW) suite domestically developed by Defence Avionics Research Establishment, which consists of a radar warning receiver (RWR), integrated self-protection jammer,<ref name="auto12">Template:Cite web</ref> chaff and flare dispenser system.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A have an AESA radar, new high performance digital flight control computer (DFCC Mk1A),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> new EW suite and updated avionics.<ref name=":25" /> Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta EL/M-2052 AESA radar,<ref name=":26" /> while rest of the aircraft are expected to fly with the domestically developed Uttam AESA radar.<ref name=":21"/> The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE known as the Unified Electronic Warfare suite (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasure capabilities, digital radio frequency memory based<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> jamming and deception capabilities.<ref name="auto3" /> The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer<ref name=":27" /> – the Elta ELL-8222WB.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Mark 1A will have software-defined radio-based secure communications and network-centric warfare capabilities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
_with_Griffin_Laser_Guided_Bomb,_Litening_LDP_and_Vympel_R-73E_SRAAM.jpg){kind=link}
The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as forward looking infrared (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael Litening III targeting/reconnaissance pod,<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> while an advanced version named Litening 4I will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.<ref name=":35" />
The Tejas has a night vision goggles compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed HUD, three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by CSIO. The Tejas has hands-on-throttle-and-stick arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.<ref name=":35"/><ref name=":17"/> The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an air data computer developed by Bharat Electronics Limited to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with Martin-Baker 16LG zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="jawa-1617"/> and canopy severance system developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.<ref name=":35"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ADA has developed virtual reality assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and N-LCA.<ref name=":30"/> Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV helmet-mounted display system.<ref name=":17"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tejas Mk 1A's Swayam Raksha Kavach EW package, which includes the Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod and the Dhruti DR118 RWR, is based on the D-29 EW Suite developed for the MiG-29.<ref name=":53">Template:Cite web</ref> The RWR has four channel wide band receivers, which enhance the possibility of detecting and precisely determining the direction of enemy airborne and ground-based radars. The LSP-3 (KH2013) aircraft was used to test the SRK EW suite for an integrated mode of operation with internal RWR sensor and the ASPJ pod. It included a restricted multi-emitter test scenario for ground and aerial radar jamming. In 2023, several tests and sorties were carried out to check the integration of the SRK EW suite with Uttam radar.<ref name=":70" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 30 October 2025, the EW suite is undergoing flight trials which is scheduled to conclude by mid-2026. Development of the system started in 2021, and deployment is anticipated by the end of 2026. While the RWR is integrated within the aircraft, the ASPJ pod will be mounted on a hardpoint.<ref name=":53" />
Flight control system
The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section slats on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate vortex lift over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing trailing edge fits two-segment elevons to provide pitch and roll control. The only empennage-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece rudder and two airbrakes, located in the upper rear part of the fuselage, one each on either side of the fin.<ref name=":2"/> Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system<ref name=":16" /> and an open architecture<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> digital flight control computer developed by BEL.<ref name=":36"/> Its flight control surfaces are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called auto low-speed recovery. This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is disorientation recovery function, once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the IIT Bombay research university.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 19 February 2024, Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed sortie with indigenously designed high performance Digital Flight Control Computer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The system was developed by Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The latest DFCC has a quadraplex PowerPC-based processor, a fast I/O controller based on an autonomous state machine, increased computational throughput, and sophisticated on-board software that satisfies DO-178C level-A safety regulations. All important metrics and the flight controls' performance were deemed adequate during the flying test.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Propulsion
Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the Kaveri, was launched as early as in 1986.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite web</ref> However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 afterburning turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.<ref name=":12"/> Ten units of the F404-F2J3 engine power the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype variants of Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are being used on LSP, Naval prototypes and Mark 1 variants of Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The production Tejas Mark 1 is powered by the F404-IN20 engine, with the same power-plant intended to power Mark 1A variant also,<ref name=":13">Template:Cite web</ref> while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a General Electric F414-INS6 engine.<ref name=":13"/>
Serial production
Orders
- First Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):
- 31 March 2006 — Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Air Force placed an initial order for 20 LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas IOC II.<ref name="Orders">Template:Cite web</ref>
- September 2024 — The delivery, scheduled for completion in 2011, was finally completed in September 2024.<ref name=":54">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Second Tejas Mk1 contract (total 20 jets):
- 23 December 2010 — Indian Government ordered 20 additional LCA Tejas, comprising 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas FOC bringing the total aircrafts to 40. It was to be delivered by December 2016.<ref name="Orders" />
- 27 March 2025 — The original contract value of Template:INRConvert was revised to Template:INRConvert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 10 January 2025 — 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.<ref name=":56" />
- 11 January 2025 — The last of the 40 Tejas aircrafts - LT-5208 - took its first flight.<ref name="X-27032422" /><ref name="X-2703242" />
- First Tejas Mk 1A 2021 contract (total 83 jets):
- August 2018 — The Defence Acquisition Council accorded Acceptance of Necessity for procurement of 73 Tejas Mk 1A aircraft with active electronically scanned array radar, beyond-visual-range missile, self-protection jammer, and aerial refueling capabilities.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The rest of 10 trainer aircraft would be of Tejas Mk1 standard.<ref name=":67">Template:Cite news</ref>
- 13 January 2021 — Cabinet Committee on Security cleared the procurement of 73 single seater Tejas Mk 1A and 10 twin seater trainer Tejas Mk1 at the cost of Template:INRConvert with additional funds for Design & Development and Infrastructure worth Template:INRConvert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 3 February 2021 — Ministry of Defence signed the contract with HAL on the inaugural day of Aero India 2021 at a cost of almost Template:INRConvert.<ref name=":61">Template:Cite news</ref>
- 17 August 2021 — HAL signed a contract with GE worth Template:INRConvert to supply 99 F404 engines and service support by 2029.<ref name=":111">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Second Tejas Mk 1A contract (total 97 jets):
- 16 September 2023 — Air Chief Marshal VR Chaudhari stated that the IAF has decided to order 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> including 29 Tejas Mk 1A standard trainer jets.<ref name=":67" />
- 30 November 2023 — The Defence Acquisition Council accorded Acceptance of Necessity for procurement of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A for IAF from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 12 April 2024 — MoD issued Template:INRConvert tender to HAL for 97 Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Clearance for the deal expected to be received from CCS in December 2024 and deal to be signed by year-end.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- August 2025 — Negotiations for additional F404 engines is expected to be completed this month,<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref> while the contract for 97 Tejas Mark 1A was cleared by the CCS on 19 August 2025 for Template:INRConvert.<ref name=":63">Template:Cite news</ref>
- 25 September 2025 — The agreement was signed one day prior to the retirement of MiG-21 on September 26 and was valued at Template:INRConvert.Template:Efn Along with related equipment, the 97 jets would consist of 29 twin-seaters and 68 fighters. The delivery is expected to start in 2027–2028 and conclude in the next six years. In comparison to the 2021 deal, this order will include 67 additional items and more than 64% indigenous content. These jets will incorporate control surface actuators, Swayam Raksha Kavach EW Suite, and Uttam AESA Radar.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":68">Template:Cite web</ref>
- October 2025 — HAL is expected to place an additional order for 113 F404 engines worth $1 billion this month. The contract signing was earlier expected in September.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":69">Template:Cite news</ref>
- 7 November 2025 — A contract for 113 F404 engines and the related support package, valued at about Template:INRConvert, was signed. Delivery are scheduled to start in 2027 and will conclude by 2032.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Delivery schedule — As per a report by Moneycontrol on 19 November 2025, the first batch of eight Mark 1A aircraft is expected to be delivered within the next 24–36 months. Additionally, HAL plans to deliver three major tranche of 24 aircraft to be delivered following months 37, 49 and 61 with the final batch of 12 aircraft to be delivered between month 73 and 84. Hence, the delivery timeline is expected to end in late 2032.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Production lines
- Bengaluru Plant I: HAL's first Tejas production line is situated at Bangalore near HAL Airport. The production line was set up at a cost of Template:INRConvert, with HAL holding 50% stake and the rest held by IAF and Navy. First serial production aircraft delivered in 2015 with production rate of 8 per year.<ref name=":57">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Bengaluru Plant II: In March 2017, Government of India sanctioned Template:INRConvert for setting up an additional production line under Aircraft Division, HAL. This would increase the production capacity from 8 to 16. Production of sub-components like Front Fuselage, Centre Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings were outsourced to private partners.<ref name="Orders" /> The production plant was inaugurated by the Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, on 2 February 2021.<ref name=":61" />
- Nashik Plant: On 5 April 2023, the then Defence Secretary, Giridhar Aramane, laid the foundation stone for a third production line at HAL, Nashik with an investment of over Template:INRConvert. This would bring the total production capacity from 16 to 24 aircraft annually. The production of aircraft at this plant would start from October 2024<ref name="Aramane">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with the first example then expected by the end of April 2025.<ref name=":60">Template:Cite news</ref> The first Tejas Mk 1A took its first flight on 17 October 2024 after being inaugurated by the Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh.<ref name=":74">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":75">Template:Cite news</ref>
- The facility is spread on Template:Convert and employs 30 structural assembly jigs for all major aircraft modules like the centre fuselage, front fuselage, rear fuselage, wings and air intake. The facility outsources 40% of its workshare to private firms amd plans to enhance annual aircraft output to 10 in two years.<ref name=":73">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Nashik Plant II: HAL also plans to setup another production line at Nashik to ramp up production capacity from 24 to 32 as reported on 10 January 2025. The line can start production within one and a half years of sanction.<ref name=":56">Template:Cite web</ref> The establishment of the plant is subject to a regular supply of GE engines.<ref name=":62">Template:Cite news</ref>
Delivery
Mark 1 contracts
On 1 October 2014, LCA-SP1 aircraft took the first flight. On 17 January 2015 the aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force. Left head till then flow on 5 sorties to test various equipment. Due to delays in production the cost per aircraft rose from Template:INRConvert in 2006 to Template:INRConvert in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the aircraft was not be inducted into a squadron till 2016 until sufficient numbers were delivered by HAL. The aircraft would also require additional flight hours before induction. Expected delivery timeline was as follows: SP-2 in March, up to SP-5 by June, up to SP-8 by March 2016; completing a total of 8 aircraft.<ref name=":57" />
The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. No. 45 Squadron IAF (Flying Daggers), the first Tejas squadron, was operationalised in July 2016. It is based in Sulur Air Force Station, Coimbatore.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
When the first order was placed in 2006, it was expected that ADA would receive Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008. Induction was scheduled by December 2011. However, IOC was originally received in December 2013 and the first IOC variant was delivered in FY2016-17.<ref name="Orders" />
As of 11 February 2019, 12 IOC aircraft were delivered with 4 due to be delivered by March 2019. Also, on 31 December 2018, ADA has handed over Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents, for FOC configuration to HAL for production. The production and delivery of 8 Tejas Trainer would start after design clearance by ADA.<ref name="Orders" />
The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, Squadron 18, was formed at Sulur on 27 May 2020.<ref name="tejas2sq">Template:Cite web</ref>
The first front fuselage of Tejas Mk1 FOC aircraft for the second order was delivered by Dynamatic Technologies on 2 November 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By August 2023, the delivery of all 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (IOC and FOC) were completed.<ref name=":40">Template:Cite web</ref>
The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.<ref name=":45">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Next trainer variant delivery expected by 31 March.<ref name=":42">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":43">Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 18 September 2024, 4 trainer aircraft have been delivered to IAF while the rest of 4 are to be delivered by March 2025.<ref name=":54" />
As of 10 January 2025, 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.<ref name=":56" /> On 11 January 2025, the last of the 40 Tejas - LT-5208 - took its first flight.<ref name="X-27032422">Template:Cite twitter</ref><ref name="X-2703242">Template:Cite twitter</ref>
First Mark 1A contract delays
As of February 2021, three units of Tejas Mk 1A was to be delivered in the third year from contract signing (2024) followed by a production rate of 16 aircraft per year for five years, completing deliveries within eight years of contract signing. The first aircraft will have an indigenous content of 50% which will be elevated to 60% by the end of contract.<ref name=":61" />
As of October 2022, the delivery date of the first aircraft was reportedly scheduled on 3 February 2024 with three aircraft to be delivered by 31 March.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2023, it was reported that the IAF has plans to raise the first squadron of Tejas Mark 1A at Nal Air Force Station.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Later in June 2024, it was confirmed that No. 3 Squadron and No. 23 Squadron would be the first units to operate the Mk 1A variant replacing their in-service MiG 21s.<ref name=":50" />
The delivery of F-404 engines, which were scheduled to begin from February 2024 have been delayed, due to supply chain issues, as claimed by GE.<ref name="Hindu-29102024">Template:Cite web</ref> The delivery of the first aircraft itself was shifted to the end of March 2024.<ref name="theprint.in">Template:Cite web</ref> By then, the IAF's latest requests for software upgrades and minor design changes caused the delay in delivery timeline, according to sources within the military and defence establishment. Also, a number of certifications were pending. The delivery of essential components that were ordered from Israel, Russia and Ukraine have also been delayed due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. All of which is impacting the production and delivery schedule.<ref name="theprint.in" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In May 2024, the MoD asked HAL in May to deliver at least 18 Tejas Mk 1A by March 2025 and the entire 180 jets (including later 97 Tejas Mk 1A order) within 10 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="X-270324">Template:Cite twitter</ref> Subsequently, the delivery dates were shifted several times from February 2024 to July-end (as of May),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to 15 August (as of July)<ref name=":51">Template:Cite news</ref> and again to November (as of August).<ref name=":52">Template:Cite news</ref>
In August, the first aircraft was undergoing critical flight tests with weapons trials to be expected soon while the second was in high speed taxi trials phase. The next 4 units were in advanced stages of production. HAL then planned to manufacture at least 14 airframes in "ready-to-go state" by the fiscal year in order to ensure swift engine integration and aircraft deliveries within few weeks after arrival of new engines.<ref name=":52" />
Again, in September 2024, Denmark prohibited the export of engine charge amplifiers, previously installed on Tejas Mk1, resulting in further delays of Tejas Mk 1A deliveries. Later, HAL assigned a Bengaluru-based company to indigenously develop the component which would then be tested before integration. The engine charge amplifier is a crucial component tasked to sense engine temperature and adjust operation accordingly.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The same month, a report suggested that the fighter aircraft's Israeli software integration being finished and is undergoing final trials and deliveries could begin from October 2024. The delivery would begin with category B engines, which refers to the engines previously used or procured from GE. The F404-IN20 engine delivery had been shifted to arrive in November 2024.<ref name=":55">Template:Cite news</ref>
There was an additional problem for the delivery. General Electric had closed down the production line of F404-IN20 at Lynn, Massachusetts engines earlier without further prospects of orders from India and the first engine was yet to be delivered even in October 2024. First engine delivery dates were delayed to September 2024 as of then and followed by a production rate of two per month.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By November, engine deliveries was delayed by 10 months.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2024, GE again delayed the engine deliveries to April 2025. The reason for delay was cited as supply chain issues since a South Korean firm with financial issues failed to deliver certain components of the engine. HAL had 5-6 aircraft ready for delivery. The Mk 1A is in the final stages of trials before delivery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following the orders, a lengthy process of sorting out supply chain problems was undertaken and the F404 production line at Boston restarted by late 2024 to enable deliveries after a stagnation of 5 years.<ref name=":532">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 10 January 2025, GE had a backlog of 26 engines.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":56" /> The first engines are expected to be delivered in March or April 2025, but there is uncertainty.<ref name="Hindu-29102024" />
As of late December, further critical trials of Tejas Mk 1A using Category B F404 engines were to commence in January 2025 as a part of a contingency plan. The new deadline for delivery of first aircraft was set for 31 March 2025. The older engines would be replaced once the new engines are delivered. The trials will also include Astra Mk1 beyond visual range air-to-air missiles (BVRAAM), EL/M-2052 and indigenous Electronic Warfare Suite (radar warning receiver and advanced self-protection jammer). The aircraft will be delivered after certain certifications are done.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":532"/>
As of 6 February 2025, HAL had three Tejas Mk 1A aircraft "ready in the flight line" with another two to be prepared by March–April. Deliveries were expected within few days after GE starts engine deliveries in March. Integration of EW Suite and radars was complete while trials of Astra missiles form these jets was expected soon. GE "promised" to deliver 12 engines in 2025-26 starting in March 2025 with 20 engines to be delivered from 2026-27 onwards. Tejas delivery rate will depend on the revised engine delivery schedules. Meanwhile, Nashik line is reportedly operational and the first Tejas Mk 1A is planned to roll out in one or two months.<ref name=":58">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":59">Template:Cite web</ref> Secretary of Defence Production Sanjeev Kumar stated during Aero India's 2025 edition that Tejas' production line was stabilized, both with HAL and GE engines, and that Tejas' supply will follow the original plan starting in 2025–2026 when 16 to 24 jets would be delivered.<ref name=":59" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 9 March 2025, the first rear fuselage for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL by Alpha Tocol Engineering Services. Also, 12 rear fuselages manufactured by HAL was also ready on production line.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As of 16 March 2025, the first Tejas Mk 1A from the Nashik (Ozar) production line is expected to be rolled out in April.<ref name=":60" /> On 22 March, a report confirmed that, after two years of delay, the General Electric was preparing to deliver the first engine by March-end from the contracted 99 GE F404-IN20 engines as it was undergoing flight tests in their testbed aircraft. Further, GE plans to deliver a total of 12 engines in 2025 followed by a steady rate of only 20 engines per year from 2026 onwards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
After a two-year delay from the anticipated timeframes, the first of 99 F404-IN20 engines was rolled out from GE's factory on 25 March 2025, signaling the start of deliveries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The engine will be further tested at the HAL plant when it arrives in India in April. HAL produced three aircraft in 2025, will receive twelve engines from GE, and plans to produce eleven more aircraft by the end of 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As of 30 March, Tejas Mk 1A was undergoing extra firing and EW trials. Also, the first Tejas Mk 1A is expected to be delivered from Nashik facility in the first quarter of FY 2025-26 after the HAL gets physical possession of the first engine in India in early April.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tejas Mk 1A failed an Astra Mk1 trial during the trials.<ref name=":67" />
On 30 May, the first centre fuselage by Hyderabad-based VEM Technologies for Tejas Mk 1A was delivered to HAL. Another assembly jig to manufacture the component has also been cleared. The centre fuselage of the aircraft is a semi-monocoque construction with both metallic and carbon fiber composite material.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This was followed by the delivery of second centre fuselage on 4 September 2025. Each unit needs a total of 1,595 parts to be manufactured before they are assembled. HAL officials inspect every component at every stage of their production. The firm is scheduled to deliver a total of five fuselage units by year-end.<ref name=":64">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":65">Template:Cite web</ref>
As of June 2025, the first aircraft is now expected to be delivered by the end of the month from the Nashik plant.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further, HAL chief revealed that the company has six jets ready on the production line, all of which are to be delivered to IAF by March 2026. Also, 12 engines in addition to the one delivered so far are expected to be delivered by General Electric to HAL within the same timeframe while the latter also expects to deliver 16 jets in fiscal year 2026-27 given that there is a steady engine supply from GE.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 8 July, PK Mishra, principal secretary to the Prime Minister, visited the HAL's LCA Tejas Assembly Hangar and Aerospace Division to review the progress of the programme. Mishra was shown that six Tejas Mk 1A single-seat and two twin-seat trainer variants on the assembly line fitted with "some other test engines" which would be replaced by GE F404-IN20 engines when delivered. Additionally, the two new engines will reportedly arrive in the same month, as per reports.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Meanwhile, Defence Secratary Rajesh Kumar Singh also confirmed that GE will deliver two engines per month from July 2025 to March 2026. The next engine is to be delivered by the end of the month. While HAL has limited Category B engines, these available engines are being rotated among new aircraft to conduct test flights.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 13 July, it was reported that the second engine had been dispatched for delivery to HAL. The unit reached India on 14 July.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Additionally, Larsen & Toubro (L&T) completed the construction of the first pair of private sector-manufactured wings. Reportedly, the official delivery was be undertaken with a ceremony on 17 July at Precision Engineering & Systems Complex of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Meanwhile, the three sections of the fuselage have been already delivered by the respective private sector counterparts. With almost the entire aero structure produced by private sector companies, HAL will remain the final integrator and will ensure the assembly, testing, and certification of Tejas at its Final Assembly Lines at Nashik and Bangalore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> As reported on 28 July, the aircraft were moving towards its "next phase" and is ready to "roll out". The testing of Astra Mk1 BVRAAM is scheduled for early August 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 11 August, the Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA) approved the flight clearance for the Tejas Mk 1A aircraft produced by HAL's Nashik division. The Additional Director General, AQA, also formally handed over the Flight Clearance Document to the Executive Director of the Nashik division. The Office of the Additional Director General (OADG), a field establishment of DGAQA, in Nashik was also responsible for the Transfer of Technology of LCA Mk 1A to the Nashik division.<ref name=":62" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 19 August, the first two of the jets were "fully ready" and their final weapons trial was due by September.<ref name=":63" />
The third engine is scheduled to be delivered in August as per GE's revised delivery timeline of one engine per month, followed by two engines monthly from October onwards.<ref name=":4" /> However, GE missed its scheduled delivery of two units in the month and has committed to deliver three to five engineers by October.<ref name=":66">Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 30 August, 10 airframes of Tejas Mk 1A are ready with 2 of them equipped with newly delivered engines, including one from the Nashik plant.<ref name=":66" /> As of now, both of them are expected to be delivered by September-end and it is only after the delivery of two aircraft that the contract of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A would be signed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In early September, the dates were again pushed to October, still subject to the jets' weapons trials, including Astra missile, ASRAAM and laser-guided bomb trials, which is underway<ref name=":66" /> is conpleted in September itself.<ref name=":64" /><ref name=":65" />
The third engine to HAL was delivered on 11 September with another engine to be supplied by month end. An overall of 12 engines are to be delivered in this fiscal year. In the current year, the Nashik plant could prepare 3-4 aircraft with the numbers reaching 8 units from the following year. Also, the private sector supply chain will enhance HAL's annual production capacity by 6 aircraft to 30.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
As of 16 September, there are overall 24 airframes in the production lines combined of which eight are ready for delivery while two have been integrated with the new engines. Seven further engines would be delivered to HAL this year followed by 20 units next year. The two aircraft began their weapons trials involving ASRAAM missiles in the country's eastern sector which will be followed by Astra trials. After the Astra firing from Tejas Mk 1A in late March failed, the DRDL was compelled to undertake certain software tweaks to address the shortcomings and HAL is now awaiting approval from CEMILAC's safety review board to continue with its trials.<ref name=":67" /> As of 25 September, it was reported that the deliveries could be delayed until the first quarter of 2026. This is because of the Air Force's mandate of accepting only fully ready fighter aircraft with four distinct validations including firing validation of specialised munitions, integration of Electronic Warfare suite among others. However, these validations is not complete yet.<ref name=":68" />
As on 30 September, the maiden flight of the first aircraft from the Nashik plant is expected in October.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 1 October, the fourth engine was delivered to HAL.<ref name=":69" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 3 October, the weapons firing trials of the first two aircraft was completed, which included Astra and ASRAAM missiles trials, and were ready to be delivered following necessary certifications.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":71">Template:Cite web</ref>
The third production line of Tejas Mk1A along with the second production line of HTT-40 at HAL's Nashik facility was inaugurated by the Defence Minister on 17 October,<ref name=":74" /><ref name=":75" /> as was reported on 8 October.<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":71" /> The preceding production lines of both aircraft is based in Bengaluru. The first Mark 1A (LA-5043)<ref name=":72">Template:Cite news</ref> from the Nashik plant conducted its maiden flight and had already completed its assembly and pre-flight trials.<ref name=":72" /> A flying formation of Tejas, Su-30MKI and HTT-40 was exhibited on the occasion. The Mark 1A aircraft also received a water cannon.<ref name=":74" /><ref name=":75" /> Additionally, the first aircraft is expected to be delivered in the last week of the month,<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":71" /> along with the scheduled delivery of two engines within the month.<ref name=":71" />
The delivery deadline was again delayed to March 2026. Several Air Force officials reportedly expects further delays of over six months as multiple checks and pre-delivery procedures are due.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Operational history
The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth Bahrain International Airshow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 26 January 2017, Tejas made its maiden appearance in the 68th Republic Day parade by joining in the fly-past over the Kartavya Path (then Rajpath) in New Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.<ref name=":11"/> In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "swing role" capability.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron – Group Captain Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight close combat missiles,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> such as Python-5 and R-73.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border (line of control). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired Python-5 high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat air-to-air missile and further validated enhanced capability of I-Derby ER (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.<ref name=":10"/> IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two C-17 Globemaster III aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 23 August 2023, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from HAL Tejas aircraft off the coast of Goa from an altitude of Template:Convert. This is the first time when India test fire an indigenously developed BVRAAM from a homegrown fighter aircraft<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In December 2023, plans were revealed to deploy the first batch of Tejas Mk 1A in the Nal airbase in Bikaner, Rajasthan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> No. 3 Squadron and No. 23 Squadron, the last and current operators of MiG-21s, are expected to become the first operators of Tejas Mk 1A. Both the squadrons were deployed in Nal AFS by June 2024. The first delivery of Tejas Mk 1A is expected by November 2024.<ref name=":50">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":52" />
On 26 January 2024, on the occasion of 75th Republic Day of India, four Tejas took part in the parade fly-past held at Kartavya Path, New Delhi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
_of_Squadron_No._18_being_flown_by_Vice_chief_AP_Singh_during_Ex_Tarangshakti24.jpg){kind=link}
HAL Tejas Mk 1 participated in the first phase of Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024. The jets were escorted by a formation of four HAL Tejas Mk 1 aircraft, one of which was piloted by Vice Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal Amar Preet Singh. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise.<ref name=":210">Template:Cite news</ref> HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proved in both the cases. The jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, the Chief of French Air Force, General Template:Ill and the Chief of German Air Force Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz piloted HAL Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The first production aircraft of Tejas Mk 1A will be showcased at Aero India 2025.<ref name=":56" />
On 12 March 2025, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from a Tejas Mk1 prototype over the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur, Odisha. The missile scored a direct hit on a flying target at a range of over 100 km. This test was significant for the subsequent induction of Tejas Mk 1A aircraft. Further trials are also expected for performance evaluation.<ref name="Press Information Bureau"/>
HAL Tejas participated in the 2025 Dubai Airshow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Potential operators
HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite news</ref> It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Brazil
In September 2024, the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) has reportedly considered the adoption of the Tejas to replace their AMX and Northrop F-5 jets in service and complement the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, which is being done with a swap of Embraer C-390 Millennium.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="FAB">Template:Cite web</ref> FAB wanted to acquire F-16 Fighting Falcon at first from the US, but it was rejected.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
According to the FAB, the AMX is due to be retired by 2025 with the F-5s being next by 2030.<ref name="FAB"/> In November 2024, Brazil offered to India a swap between the C-390 Millennium and the HAL Tejas, to replace the older F-5s in operation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2024, an Indian delegation visited Brazil to negotiate the deal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The FAB is also looking into the Rafale to replace their AMX jets.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
DR Congo
In October 2024, a report suggested that the Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FAC) was interested to acquire HAL Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC">Template:Cite web</ref> It was reported in August 2024 that a FAC delegation visited India to speak with HAL representatives about the Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC"/>
The FAC plans to replace their Sukhoi Su-25s with the Tejas if purchased.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Failed bids
Argentina
The Argentine Air Force had indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref> HAL had offered the Tejas to Argentina, amidst other offers of the JF-17 from China and the MiG-35 from Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Multiple sources had also indicated that the Tejas may likely be a good option for Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
However, any potential sale of the Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by British imposed arms sanctions, since the Tejas utilizes the British Martin-Baker MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat, along with other British-origin components — including an aerial-refueling probe and a quartz radome, both supplied by Cobham Limited.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto"/> The UK has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the 1982 Falklands War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Argentina's previous efforts to procure modern fighter aircraft, including the Mirage F1M, the IAI Kfir, the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI FA-50 were scuttled due to British diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny. Nevertheless, HAL reportedly stated multiple times that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to retrofit the Tejas,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and had offered a customised-variant of the Tejas which replaces around 50-specific components and the substitutes all major British-origin components with diplomatically suitable non-British alternatives,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including possibly substituting the ejection seat with one indigenously developed and manufactured in India.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Subsequently, there were indications that the Argentines were willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas">Template:Cite web</ref> With President Alberto Fernandez stating in an interview that "Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 2023,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Argentine newspaper La Nacion reported that Tejas had been eliminated, with the remaining options being second-hand Danish F-16 fighters or Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s, both which the bidding selection board deemed more advantageous.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In March 2024, Denmark agreed to the purchase of 24 Danish F-16s by Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Australia
In July 2020, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of BAE Hawk 127 trainer aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's Department of Defence (DoD) in July 2020.<ref name=":39">Template:Cite web</ref> Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender were the Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk, the Aermacchi M-346 Master and the KAI T-50.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, The Indian Express reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Botswana
The Botswana Defence Force Air Wing had approached HAL to procure the Tejas for potentially replacing its Canadair CF-5s due to the aircraft's age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.<ref name="AIB">Template:Cite web</ref> The BDFAW had previously considered acquiring Gripens,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the F-16,<ref name="MAJ">Template:Cite web</ref> KAI T-50,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Leonardo M-346.<ref name="AIB"/>
As of July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.<ref name="MAT">Template:Cite web</ref> In January 2025, Botswana officially ended negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref name="thegazette.news">Template:Cite web</ref>
Egypt
During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to replace 100 Hongdu JL-8s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt was seeking around 20 multi-role aircraft.<ref name="TD">Template:Cite web</ref> HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.<ref name="TD"/><ref name="Bloomberg">Template:Cite news</ref> In August 2024, it was reported that an agreement to purchase the Chinese Chengdu J-10C, had been signed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Malaysia
Malaysia had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its MiG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially by the RMAF.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After the diplomatic skirmishes had ceased in 2020,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at Bangalore in 2021, to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas. Possibly in anticipation of a potential order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender and request for proposals for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - labelled as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and its MB-339CM trainers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="theedgemarkets.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Six aircraft were running in the bid for the FLIT/LCA tender — the HAL Tejas MK1A, KAI FA-50, HAIC L-15, Aermacchi M-346, TAI Hürjet and Mikoyan MiG-35.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> Coincidentally, the JF-17 — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, did not participate in the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The FA-50 was reportedly chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nigeria
On 7 December 2023, HAL reported that Nigeria has expressed interest in acquiring the Tejas.<ref name="Bloomberg"/> It was reportedly in competition with the JF-17.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However in July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.<ref name="MAT"/> In January 2025, Nigeria withdrew from negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref name="thegazette.news"/> Nigeria instead bought JF 17 from Pakistan which were delivered in 2021.
Philippines
In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 7 July 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The F-16V Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are currently the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In February 2024, HAL reported that it has offered the Tejas Mark 1A to the PADC as a naval strike platform, equipped with the BrahMos NG missile. HAL also agreed to help set up a local partnership for the assembly of the MK1A.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sri Lanka
In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of IAI Kfir and Chengdu J-7 aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
United Arab Emirates
The Tejas had attracted interest from the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any further interest<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France.
In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 Hongdu L-15 trainer and light combat aircraft from China,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with options for another 36.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
United States
In December 2020, in response to a Request for Information (RFI) from the United States Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas — classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the United States Navy (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of T-45 Goshawk trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":38">Template:Cite web</ref> Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the T-7 Red Hawk — offered by Boeing in partnership with Saab, and the KAI T-50A Golden Eagle — offered by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), in partnership with Lockheed Martin.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.<ref name=":38" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of Boeing-Saab and KAI-Lockheed Martin, offering the T-7 and the T-50A, respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Variants
Prototypes
Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.
- Technology Demonstrators (TD)
- TD-1 (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- TD-2 (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.<ref name=":7" />
- Prototype Vehicles (PV)
- PV-1 (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- PV-2 (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
- PV-3 (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
- PV-5 (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name=":7" />
- PV-6 (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name="SP Guide publications"/>
- Naval Prototypes (NP)
- NP-1 (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.<ref name=":28">Template:Cite web</ref> NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- NP-2 (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in STOBAR carrier.<ref name="auto2">Template:Cite news</ref>
- NP-5 (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.<ref name="IE-200823">Template:Cite web</ref> It will help in the development of HAL TEDBF.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
- Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
_firing_Python-5_missile_better_visibility.png){kind=link}
- LSP-1 (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.<ref name="abh1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":7" />
- LSP-2 (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.<ref name="abh1" />
- LSP-3 (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> and will be close to the IOC standard.
- LSP-4 (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the Indian Air Force.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a Countermeasure Dispensing System, and an identify friend or foe electronic system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- LSP-5 (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- LSP-7 (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- LSP-8 (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />
Production variants
- Tejas Mark 1 IOC − Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting No. 45 Squadron IAF.
- Tejas Mark 1 FOC −Adding a Cobham refuelling pod and Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 auto-cannon, to the IOC specification. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are BVRAAM capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,<ref name=":6">Template:Cite book</ref> updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and aerial refueling.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> Delivery of all 32 single seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft is complete.<ref name=":40" />
- Tejas Trainer − Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft.
- Tejas Mark 1A − An enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with EL/M-2052 and Uttam AESA radar, self-protection jammer, radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external ECM pod.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto3" /> The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":43" />
Future developments
- SPORT - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater Lead-in Fighter Training (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as light fighter.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tejas Mark 2 - or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.<ref name="The Economic Times">Template:Cite news</ref> In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- CATS MAX - The main component of HAL Combat Air Teaming System (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Jane's">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tejas Trainer - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.
Cancelled variants
- Tejas Mark 1 Navy - Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter HAL TEDBF.<ref name="indianexpress.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Tejas Mark 2 Navy - Proposed naval variant based on the Tejas Mk 2. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.
- Tejas Trainer IN - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.
Gallery
-
Naval LCA
-
LCA Navy Trainer
-
LCA Trainer
Operators
- Indian Air Force<ref name=":40" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Orders and deliveries:
- Mark 1 – 32 delivered (31 operational)<ref name=":40"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Mark 1 trainer – 6 delivered, 12 on order<ref name=":56" />
- Mark 1A – 141 on order.<ref name=":46">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":68" />
- Mark 1A trainer – 29 on order.<ref name=":67" /><ref name=":68" />
- Deployment:
- Sulur Air Force Station
- No. 45 Squadron (Flying Daggers)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Naliya Air Force Station
- No. 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets)<ref name="TOI-180924">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Sulur Air Force Station
- Orders and deliveries:
Accidents and incidents
- 12 March 2024: A Tejas Mark 1 FOC from the No. 18 Squadron (Flying Bullets) of the Indian Air Force crashed near Jaisalmer, Rajasthan after taking part in a tri-service exercise, Bharat Shakti. The pilot ejected safely and no one was harmed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The crash was the first for the Tejas in its operational history of around 8 years and the first since its maiden flight 23 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> An investigation launched for the matter stated that an "oil pump malfunction" led to engine seizure resulting in the crash.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Specifications (Tejas Mk-1A)
See also
Template:Portal Template:Aircontent
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Features and analysis:
- "Flying into the unknown" — A feature by The Hindu on the Tejas test pilots.
- "LCA and Economics" by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph
- "The Light Combat Aircraft Story", by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd).
- The case to support the indigenous LCA programme, by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri.
Technical:
- An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA
- Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft
- LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development: A Case Study
- TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015 Template:Webarchive
- ADA Tejas IOC brochure
- General Electric F404 family turbofan engines datasheet
General:
- "Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com
- "Dawn of Tejas" Aero India special report from flightglobal.com
- Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas Saga by Air Marshal P Rajkumar, BR Srikant
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