HMAS Collins

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HMAS Collins (SSG 73) is the lead vessel of the six-submarine Collins class operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Named for Vice Admiral Sir John Augustine Collins, Collins was laid down in February 1990, and was the only submarine of the class to be partially constructed by Kockums' Malmo shipyard. The boat was launched in August 1993, but was not completed until ten months later. Numerous problems with the class were exposed by the lengthy sea trials period undertaken by the boat; Collins was not commissioned into the RAN until mid-1996, eighteen months behind schedule, and the submarine was not cleared for operational deployments until 2000.

With the decommissioning of HMAS Anzac on 18 May 2024, Collins became the First Lady of the Fleet as the longest serving commissioned RAN vessel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Construction

Collins was laid down in February 1990.<ref name=Jonesopp240>Jones, in The Royal Australian Navy, opp. p. 240</ref> The two most complex sections of the first submarine were constructed by Kockums' shipyard in Malmö, Sweden,<ref name=YW142.4>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 142–4</ref> while the other four sections and complete assembly of the submarine occurred at Australian Submarine Corporation's facility in Port Adelaide, South Australia.Template:Citation needed It was originally planned to construct the first submarine completely overseas, but by the time the tender was awarded, it had been decided to build all six submarines in Australia; the increase in cost by not building the lead ship in the winning designer's home shipyard were believed to be offset by the additional experience provided to Australian industries.<ref>Woolner, Procuring Change, pgs. 4, 9</ref>

While the bow section of the first boat was being assembled in Sweden, multiple defects in the hull welding were discovered.<ref name=YW144.6>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 144–6</ref> Different reasons were given by different parties for the problems: the steel alloy used for the hull required different welding techniques to those normally used by Kockums; the Swedish navy always requested partial penetration welds for their submarines, while the RAN wanted full penetration welding but failed to make this clear; delays in delivering the steel plates to Kockums resulted in rushing the work and the resulting drop in quality.<ref name=YW144.6/> It was proposed that the section be kept by Kockums to repair the welds, but it was decided to accept the section as-is and repair the welds at ASC to minimise delays in the project.<ref name=YW144.6/>

Launching of HMAS Collins

The launch of Collins was originally planned for 1994, but was later set for August 1993.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 187–8</ref> The submarine was launched by shiplift on 28 August 1993.<ref name=JDW070893>‘Built in Australia’ Collins rolls out, Jane's Defence Weekly</ref> Although launched on schedule, she was not complete: the design of the submarine had not been finalised, important internal pipes and fittings had not been installed, the components of the combat system had not been delivered, and some sections of 'hull' were sheets of timber painted black so the submarine would appear complete in photographs of the launching ceremony.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pgs. 188-9, 193</ref> Within weeks of the launch, the boat was removed from the water, and it was not until June 1994 that she was completed.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 193</ref> Work on the other submarines in the class was delayed by the extra effort put in for Collins to meet her launching date, and by the subsequent work to complete her.<ref name=YW188>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 188</ref> The submarines are covered in a skin of anechoic tiles to minimise detection by sonar: Collins was retrofitted with the tiles after the standard sonar signature of the submarine had been established, while the other five boats were covered during construction.<ref name="JDW070893"/>

Collins was named for Vice Admiral Sir John Augustine Collins; famous for commanding Template:HMAS during her Mediterranean deployment in 1940–41, and becoming the first Australian to command a naval squadron in 1944.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 340</ref>

Characteristics

Template:See also The Collins class is an enlarged version of the Västergötland-class submarine designed by Kockums.<ref name=WoolnerChange7>Woolner, Procuring Change, p. 7</ref> At Template:Convert in length, with a beam of Template:Convert and a waterline depth of Template:Convert, displacing 3,051 tonnes when surfaced, and 3,353 tonnes when submerged, they are the largest conventionally powered submarines in the world.<ref name=Jones244>Jones, in The Royal Australian Navy, p. 244</ref><ref name=Wertheim18>Wertheirm (ed.), Combat Fleets of the World, p. 18</ref> The hull is constructed from high-tensile micro-alloy steel, and are covered in a skin of anechoic tiles to minimise detection by sonar.<ref name="JDW070893"/><ref name=YW165.74>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 165–74</ref> The depth that they can dive to is classified: most sources claim that it is over Template:Convert,<ref name=Wertheim19>Wertheirm (ed.), Combat Fleets of the World, p. 19</ref><ref name=Grazebrook>Grazebrook, RAN prepares for Collins class</ref>

The submarine is armed with six Template:Convert torpedo tubes, and carry a standard payload of 22 torpedoes: originally a mix of Gould Mark 48 Mod 4 torpedoes and UGM-84C Sub-Harpoon, with the Mark 48s later upgraded to the Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System (CBASS) version.<ref name=Wertheim18/><ref name=SPGmedia>SSK Collins Class (Type 471) Attack Submarine, naval-technology.com</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Heavyweight Torpedo – Mark 48, United States Navy Fact File</ref>

Each submarine is equipped with three Garden Island-Hedemora HV V18b/15Ub (VB210) 18-cylinder diesel engines, which are each connected to a 1,400 kW, 440-volt DC Jeumont-Schneider generator.<ref name=Wertheim18/><ref name=SPGmedia/> The electricity generated is stored in batteries, then supplied to a single Jeumont-Schneider DC motor, which provides 7,200 shaft horsepower to a single, seven-bladed, Template:Convert diameter skewback propeller.<ref name=Wertheim18/><ref name=GrazebrookDU>Grazebrook, Collins class comes up Down Under</ref> The Collins class has a speed of Template:Convert when surfaced and at snorkel depth, and can reach Template:Convert underwater.<ref name=Wertheim18/> The submarines have a range of Template:Convert at Template:Convert when surfaced, Template:Convert at Template:Convert at snorkel depth.<ref name=Wertheim18/> When submerged completely, a Collins-class submarine can travel Template:Convert at maximum speed, or Template:Convert at Template:Convert.<ref name=Wertheim18/> Each boat has an endurance of 70 days.<ref name=Wertheim18/>

Sea trials

Training

Assembly of the crew for Collins began in 1992.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 206</ref> Problems with the Collins trials began in mid-1992, when it was discovered that appropriate training materials and courses in the operation of the new submarine design had been poorly prepared, was inadequate, and often did not reflect the reality of operating the boats.<ref name=YW206.7>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 206–7</ref>

Several causes were identified:<ref name=YW206.7/> the late completion of the design made preparing training materials difficult, subcontractors did not always provide detailed information on the operation of their equipment, the combat system training was based on the completed version of the software and not the partial system installed in Collins, and the training assumed that none of the systems would break down.<ref name=YW206.7/> The last problem was part of an overall attitude that the first boat would be perfect off the production line and that no breakdowns would occur, and as a result, early equipment manuals tended to be light on content, and Collins would be sent to sea with few spare parts.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 214–5</ref>

During sea trials, the submarine was often forced back to port because of equipment problems, where the Navy personnel found that ASC engineers would diagnose and repair systems using a combination of supplier data and diagnostic tools not available to the sailors.<ref name=YW215>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 215</ref> Problems with the training were compounded by an attitude from ASC that problems were always the fault of the Navy operators.<ref name=YW214>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 214</ref> However, most were the result of equipment failure, and the problems caused by operator error could be attributed to poor training or a lack of training, both of which were the responsibility of ASC.<ref name=YW214/>

To supplement this training, several officers and sailors assigned to Collins were sent to Sweden to train with the Swedish Navy aboard the Västergötland-class submarines; the class on which the Collins-class design was based.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 208</ref>

Trials

Evaluation of the submarine was based on attaining a series of licenses, gradually testing the capabilities of Collins and those operating her from surface sailing to deep, unaccompanied dives.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 211</ref> The main motor was started for the first time on 8 August 1994, as part of a series of 'basin trials'.<ref name=YW212>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 212</ref> Collins officially commenced sea trials at when she departed the ASC wharf at 10:00 on 31 October 1994.<ref name=YW212/> By the time the submarine had exited Port Adelaide, two of the three diesel generators had broken down.<ref name=YW212/> The submarine submerged for the first time on 9 November, remaining underwater for twelve hours.<ref name=YW212/>

The submarine was removed from the water at the end of 1994 to allow ASC to further complete the fitting out of the boat and perform repairs to the hull.<ref name=YW212/> Although sea trials resumed in early 1995, Collins did not dive again until 9 June, when it was decided that the status of the combat system drop was sufficient to allow further underwater tests of the submarine.<ref name=YW213>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 213</ref> The tests went without difficulty until the next day, when the anchor cable snapped in poor weather, forcing Collins to return to port.<ref name=YW213/> When approaching the ASC wharf, a programming problem with the propulsion switchboard caused the main motor to cut out.<ref name=YW213/> Collins drifted into the wharf, hitting the construction facility's shiplift at Template:Convert.<ref name=YW213/> The backup motor then belatedly engaged, causing the submarine to collide with Template:HMAS, the ship assigned to assist in the submarine's sea trials.<ref name=YW213/> Repairs to the sonar dome cost A$250,000.<ref name="YW214"/>

Deep diving tests were delayed until the acquisition of the submarine rescue vessel Remora in December 1995.<ref name="Grazebrook"/> Collins performed her first deep dive on 19 January 1996 without any problems.<ref name=YW216/> However, during a later deep dive trial, the propeller shaft seal began to leak excessively.<ref name=YW233>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 233</ref> Although designed to leak at Template:Convert an hour, the seal had previously shown itself to be faulty, with an hourly leak rate in the hundreds of litres.<ref name=YW233/> On this occasion, the water pressure meant the flow rate was significantly greater, to the point where the aft bilge pump was barely keeping up.<ref name=YW233/> When the senior engineer entered the compartment, he found personnel trying to stem the flow, including one sailor who was underneath the shaft, attempting to tighten the seal manually.<ref name=YW233/> The engineer instructed the commander to take the submarine to the surface as quickly as possible, but keep the boat level—had the engineer instead informed the commander that the submarine was flooding, Collins would have blown all ballast and driven for the surface at a steep angle, likely drowning the sailor under the shaft.<ref name=YW233/> Collins reached the surface without further incident.<ref name=YW233/> Modified seals were fitted to all submarines to bring the leak back to the accepted rate.<ref name=YW233/> It was later calculated that the submarine was taking on water at over Template:Convert a minute.<ref name=YW233/>

Multiple mechanical problems appeared during the sea trials. Many of the problems encountered in Collins were quickly repaired, and did not occur again or in the other five submarines.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 217–8</ref> Recurring issues were usually associated with diesel engines, propeller shaft seals, periscopes and masts, hydraulic couplings, and the combat system.<ref name=YW216>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 216</ref> At the same time, many of the systems worked with few or no problems, with the submarine meeting or exceeding design specifications for maximum speed, manoeuvrability, and submerged endurance, particularly at low speeds.<ref name=YW217/> The ship control system, which had been a major concern during development of the class, functioned beyond positive expectation.<ref name=YW217>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 217</ref> The submarine's autopilot (which aboard Collins was nicknamed 'Sven') was found to be better at depth keeping during snorting than many of the operators.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pgs 217, 220</ref>

Collins was due to be commissioned in November 1995.<ref name=YW212/> The submarine was not commissioned into the RAN until 27 July 1996; eighteen months behind schedule, because of several delays and problems, most relating to the provision and installation of the combat data system software.<ref name=Jonesopp240/><ref name=Lok>Lok, Australia rethinks AIP for Collins class boats</ref> Collins was not approved for operational deployments until 2000.<ref name=Wertheim19/>

Operational history

In May 1997, two groups of six female sailors were posted to Collins and Farncomb as a test on the feasibility of mixed-sex crews aboard submarines.<ref>Jones, in The Royal Australian Navy, p. 283</ref> Following the trial's success, eleven female sailors and one female officer commenced training for the submarine service in 1998.<ref>Brower, The Enemy [Below]... The Brass Above, p. 33</ref><ref name=womeninuniform>Women in the military – international, CBS News</ref>

In mid-2000, Collins was sent to Ketchikan, Alaska for noise testing with the United States Navy.<ref name=YW297>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 297</ref> Although noise testing in Australia was believed to have been affected by natural background noise, the Alaskan tests confirmed the Australian results.<ref name=YW297/> Low-speed testing showed that the Collins class was almost undetectable at patrol speed.<ref name=YW297/>

In August 2000, Collins became the first of her class to fire a Harpoon missile.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 299</ref>

When Collins returned to the ASC facility in April 2001 for a year-long maintenance docking, multiple welding defects were found in both the bow and escape tower sections of the submarine—the two sections constructed by Kockums, while almost no problems were found in the welding of the four Australian-built sections.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, pp. 316–7</ref> Repairing these welds quadrupled the time Collins spent in dock.<ref>Yule & Woolner, The Collins Class Submarine Story, p. 317</ref>

Collins completed a full-cycle docking at ASC on 29 July 2005. During this period she was modified to improve her ability to land special forces personnel.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2009, while exercising in the Great Australian Bight, two of the three diesel generators aboard Collins failed, forcing the submarine to limp back to base.<ref name=Fish>Fish, Australia seeks to convert naval ambition into reality</ref> The cause was believed to be errors during the submarine's last refit, with the boat undergoing major maintenance as of December 2009.<ref name=Fish/> Although back in service by February 2010, the boat was limited in her duties, but was predicted to be fully operational by May 2010.<ref name=Oakes2sub>Oakes, Two subs out of action for 9 years</ref>Template:Clarify The Australian government is seeking A$5 million in compensation from ASC for the error.<ref name=Oakes2sub/>

During the first part of 2012, Collins participated in numerous naval exercises, before commencing a full-cycle maintenance docking.<ref name="NN-06-12-12">Template:Cite news</ref>

The submarines are predicted to have an operational life of around 30 years, with Collins to be decommissioned around 2025.<ref name=Coleman>Coleman, More problems with Collins class submarines</ref><ref name=Stewart>Stewart, Defence to reach new depths</ref>

References

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