HMS Anson (79)
Template:Short description Template:Other ships Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English
Template:Infobox ship imageTemplate:Infobox ship careerTemplate:Infobox ship characteristicsHMS Anson was a Template:Sclass battleship of the Royal Navy, named after Admiral George Anson. She was built by Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Shipyard on the River Tyne and launched on 24 February 1940, being completed on 22 June 1942. Her completion was delayed to allow the fitting of fire-control radar and additional anti-aircraft weapons. She was originally to have been named Jellicoe, but was renamed Anson in February 1940.
Anson saw service in the Second World War, escorting nine Russian convoys in the Arctic by December 1943. She took part in diversionary moves to draw attention away from Operation Husky in July 1943. In October the same year she took part in Operation Leader. In February 1944 she provided cover for Operation Tungsten, the successful air strike against the Template:Ship. Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt accepted the surrender of Japanese forces occupying Hong Kong on board Anson in August 1945, and after the end of the war the vessel became the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron of the British Pacific Fleet.
Anson arrived back in British waters on 29 July 1946, spending the next three years in active service with the post-war navy. She was finally placed in reserve and "mothballed" in 1949, spending eight years in this condition. On 17 December 1957 she was purchased for scrap by Shipbreaking Industries, Faslane.
Construction
_firing_guns_in_North_Sea_c1942.jpg){kind=link}
In the aftermath of the First World War, the Washington Naval Treaty was drawn up in 1922 in an effort to stop an arms race developing between Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States. This treaty limited the number of ships each nation was allowed to build and capped the displacement of all capital ships at 35,000 long tons.<ref>Raven and Roberts, p. 107</ref> These restrictions were extended in 1930 through the London Naval Treaty, however, in 1935 Japan and Italy would not agree to the Second London Naval Treaty for further armament control.
Concerned by a lack of modern battleships within their navy, the Admiralty ordered the construction of a new battleship class: the King George V class. The calibre limitation clause introduced in the Second Treaty meant that the main armament of the King George V class was limited to Template:Convert and the unusual arrangement of the guns in the three turrets was an attempt to maximise firepower. Due to the pressing need for the ships, the British, unlike the US, could not delay to take advantage of an escalator clause that would allow 16-inch guns. The ships were the only ones to be built at the time to adhere to the treaty and even though it soon became apparent to the British that the other signatories to the treaty were ignoring its requirements, it was too late to change the design of the class before they were laid down in 1937.<ref name=K20>Konstam, p. 20</ref>
The keel of the fourth ship of the class was laid at the Swan Hunter and Wigham Richardson Shipyard on the River Tyne on 20 July 1937. She was originally to have been named Jellicoe, after Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, the commander of the Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland in 1916, but she was renamed Anson in February 1940. Anson was launched on 24 February 1940 and was completed on 22 June 1942. Completion was delayed largely because of the inclusion of fire-control radar, and additional anti-aircraft weapons.<ref name="Garzke p. 223">Garzke p. 223</ref>
Description
Anson displaced Template:Convert on trials in 1942 and Template:Convert fully loaded in 1945. The ship had an overall length of Template:Convert, a beam of Template:Convert and a draught of Template:Convert. Her designed metacentric height was Template:Convert at normal load and Template:Convert at deep load.<ref>Chesneau (1980) p. 15</ref><ref>Garzke p. 249</ref><ref>Raven and Roberts, p. 284</ref>
She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines driving four propeller shafts. Steam was provided by eight Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers which normally delivered Template:Convert, but could deliver Template:Convert at emergency overload.<ref group="N">The King George V-class battleships had their steam plant specifications revised during the building phase, and as built the ships actually produced Template:Convert at 230 rpm, and were designed for an overload power of Template:Convert, which was exceeded in service.<ref>Raven, p.284 and 304</ref><ref>Garzke p. 191</ref></ref> This gave Anson a top speed of Template:Convert.<ref name=K20/><ref>Garzke p. 238</ref> The ship carried Template:Convert of fuel oil.<ref name=G253>Garzke p. 253</ref> At full speed Anson had a range of Template:Convert at Template:Convert while burning Template:Convert of fuel per hour.<ref>Raven, p.284.</ref>
Armament
AnsonTemplate:'s main armament was ten [[BL 14 inch Mk VII naval gun|BL Template:Convert Mk VII guns]]. The 14-inch guns were mounted in three turrets; one Mark III quadruple turret forward and one aft, and one Mark II twin turret forward firing over the quadruple turret. The guns could be elevated 40 degrees and depressed 3 degrees. A full gun broadside weighed Template:Convert, and a salvo could be fired every 40 seconds.<ref>Garzke p. 227</ref> Her secondary armament consisted of 16 [[QF 5.25 inch Mark I naval gun|QF Template:Convert Mk I guns]] which were mounted in eight twin mounts.<ref name=G229>Garzke p. 229</ref> The maximum range of the Mk I guns was Template:Convert at a 45-degree elevation, the anti-aircraft ceiling was Template:Convert. The guns could be elevated to 70 degrees and depressed to 5 degrees.<ref>Garzke p. 228</ref> The normal rate of fire was ten to twelve rounds per minute, but in practice the guns could only fire seven to eight rounds per minute.<ref name="G229"/> Along with her main and secondary batteries Anson carried six 8-barrelled QF 2-pounder Mk. VIII (40 mm) "pom-pom" anti-aircraft guns. These were supplemented by eighteen [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Template:Convert Oerlikon]] light AA guns.<ref>Chesneau (2004) p. 60</ref>
Operational history
After her commissioning in 1942, Anson was sent to the Arctic Sea with most of the Home Fleet as an escort ship for Russian convoys. On 12 September 1942 Anson was part of the distant covering force for Convoy QP 14, along with her sister ship Template:HMS, the light cruiser Template:HMS and the destroyers Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS.<ref>Rowher p. 195</ref> On 29 December Anson provided distant cover for Convoy JW 51B along with the cruiser Template:HMS and the destroyers Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS.<ref>Rohwer p. 219</ref> On 23 and 24 January 1943 Anson provided distant cover for Convoy JW 52 along with the cruiser Template:HMS and the destroyers Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Montrose, Template:HMAS, Template:HMS and the Polish destroyer Template:ORP. On 29 January, Convoy RA 52 departed from the Kola inlet, with distant cover provided by Anson, the cruiser Sheffield and the destroyers Inglefield, Template:HMS, Template:HMS and the Polish destroyer Orkan from 30 January.<ref>Rohwer p. 226</ref>
In June 1942, the pre-First World War battleship Template:HMS was disguised as Anson in the Mediterranean Sea, acting as a decoy during Operation Vigorous.<ref>Burt p. 188</ref> In July 1943 Anson took part in the diversionary moves designed to draw attention away from the preparations for Operation Husky, and in October that year, with Duke of York and the US cruiser Template:USS, provided cover for Operation Leader, in which the US aircraft carrier Template:USS mounted air strikes against German shipping off Norway. In February 1944, in company with the Template:Ship and a force of cruisers and destroyers, Anson stood by in the same capacity while aircraft from the aircraft carrier Template:HMS carried out air strikes against German targets in Norway during Operation Bayleaf, and on 3 April she provided cover for Operation Tungsten, a successful air strike against the Template:Ship,<ref name=C15>Chesneau (2004) p. 15</ref> during which she served as flagship for Vice Admiral Sir Henry Moore.<ref>Rohwer p. 314</ref>
Anson was decommissioned for a refit in June 1944 and did not return to the fleet until March 1945, when she sailed with Duke of York to join the British Pacific Fleet. By the time she arrived in the theatre, hostilities were all but over. She left Sydney on 15 August for Hong Kong with Duke of York, and along with a task force of other ships from Britain and the Commonwealth, accepted the surrender of the Japanese forces occupying Hong Kong. She was also present in Tokyo Bay during the official Japanese surrender aboard Template:USS.<ref name=C15/>
It is reported that Anson never once fired her main armament in anger.<ref>Peter Hore. The World Encyclopedia of Battleships, Hermes House, London, 2005, p.201</ref>
Post-war era
Following the war Anson was the flagship of the 1st Battle Squadron of the British Pacific Fleet and helped to liberate Hong Kong. After a brief refit, Anson sailed from Sydney to Hobart in February 1946 to collect the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester (the Duke was then Governor-General of Australia) and return them to Sydney.<ref>Raven and Roberts p. 405</ref>
Anson arrived back in British waters on 29 July 1946 and after a short refit was returned to peacetime duties. In July 1949 Anson took part in Exercise Verity. November 1949, Anson was placed in reserve and in 1951 she was towed to Gare Loch.<ref>Chesneau (2004) pp. 15–16</ref> On 17 December 1957 she was purchased for scrap by Shipbreaking Industries, Faslane.<ref name="Garzke p. 223"/> A selection of her timbers would be reused to make souvenirs of different types.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Refits
During her career, Anson was refitted on several occasions in order to update her equipment. The following are the dates and details of the refits undertaken:<ref>Chesneau (2004) p. 50</ref>
| Dates | Location | Description of Work |
|---|---|---|
| Early 1943 | 22 × 20mm added.<ref name=C61>Chesneau (2004) p. 61</ref> | |
| July 1944 – March 1945 | Devonport | 2 × 8-barrelled 2-pounder, 4 × 4-barrelled 40mm Bofors guns, 8 × 2-barrelled 20mm, 13 × 20mm added.
Type 273 radar deleted, Type 281 radar replaced by Type 281B, Type 282 replaced by Type 252 and two more Type 262 added, Type 284 replaced by 2 × Type 274, Type 285 replaced by Type 275; Type 277 and 293 added. RH2 VHF/DF, Type 651 jammer added; HA/LA Mk V directors replaced by HA/La Mk VI; aircraft and catapult equipment removed and ship's boats relocated.<ref name=C61/> |
| Mid-1945 | 2 × twin 20mm replaced by 2 × 4-barrelled 2-pounder.<ref name=C61/> | |
| 1946 | 4 × 2-barrelled, 2 × 8-barrelled 2-pounder removed.<ref name=C61/> |
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book