HMS Griffin (H31)

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HMS Griffin (H31) was a G-class destroyer, built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1930s. In World War II she took part in the Norwegian Campaign of April–May 1940 and the Battle of Dakar in September before being transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in November. She generally escorted larger ships of the Mediterranean Fleet as they protected convoys against attacks from the Italian Fleet. Griffin took part in the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941 and the evacuations of Greece and Crete in April–May 1941. In June she took part in the Syria-Lebanon Campaign and was escorting convoys and the larger ships of the Mediterranean Fleet until she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in March 1942.

Griffin saw no action in the Japanese Indian Ocean raid in April, but was escorting convoys for most of her time in the Indian Ocean. In June she returned to the Mediterranean to escort another convoy to Malta in Operation Vigorous. Beginning in November 1942, she was converted to an escort destroyer in the United Kingdom and was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy on 1 March 1943. The ship, now renamed HMCS Ottawa, was assigned to escort convoys in the North Atlantic until she was transferred in May 1944 to protect the forces involved with the Normandy Landings. Working with other destroyers, Ottawa sank three German submarines off the French coast before she returned to Canada for a lengthy refit. After the end of the European war in May 1945 she was used to bring Canadian troops until she was paid off in October 1945. Ottawa was sold for scrap in August 1946.

Description

Griffin displaced Template:Convert at standard load and Template:Convert at deep load. She had an overall length of Template:Convert, a beam of Template:Convert and a draught of Template:Convert. She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines, driving two shafts, which developed a total of Template:Convert and gave a maximum speed of Template:Convert. Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3-drum boilers. Griffin carried a maximum of Template:Convert of fuel oil that gave her a range of Template:Convert at Template:Convert. Her complement was 137 officers and men in peacetime,<ref name=w78>Whitley, pp. 107–108</ref> but in increased to 146 in wartime.<ref>English, p. 89</ref>

The ship mounted four 45-calibre 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, Griffin had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun. She was fitted with two above-water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for [[British 21 inch torpedo|Template:Convert]] torpedoes.<ref name=w78/> One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted; 20 depth charges were originally carried, but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began.<ref>English, p. 141</ref>

Beginning in mid-1940, her anti-aircraft armament was increased although when exactly the modifications were made is not known. The rear set of torpedo tubes was replaced by a [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|Template:Convert (12-pounder)]] AA gun and the quadruple .50-calibre Vickers mounts were replaced by [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Template:Convert Oerlikon]] autocannon. Two more Oerlikon guns were also added in the forward superstructure.<ref name=w78/>

Service history

Griffin was laid down by Vickers-Armstrongs Naval Construction Works at Barrow-in-Furness on 20 September 1934, launched on 15 August 1935, and completed on 6 March 1936. Excluding government-furnished equipment such as armament, she cost £248,518.<ref>English, pp. 89–90</ref> Griffin joined her sisters and was assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning. She escorted the ocean liner SS Strathnaver between Malta and Alexandria in the Munich Crisis in September 1938. She then escorted the light cruiser Template:HMS on her voyage to Aden. She collided with the target destroyer Template:HMS on 2 February 1939 and her repairs were completed five days later.<ref name=e0>English, p. 100</ref>

With the Royal Navy, 1939–1942

On 3 September 1939 Griffin was in Alexandria and still assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla. In October she was transferred to home waters. On 7 October she was escorting the Template:GRT troop ship Template:SS from Avonmouth bound for Gibraltar when the German submarine Template:GS torpedoed the troop ship in the Western Approaches about Template:Convert west of Bloody Foreland in Ireland. 96 people were killed but Griffin attacked and chased away the submarine with depth charges and then rescued 766 survivors, whom she landed at Greenock on the Firth of Clyde on 9 October.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

She rejoined her flotilla at Harwich in November, where they patrolled the North Sea and escorted local convoys.<ref name=e0/> She rescued survivors from her sister Template:HMS after that ship struck a mine off Harwich on 21 November.<ref>English, p. 95</ref> She was damaged the same month and was under repair until 6 December. In preparation for the Norwegian Campaign, Griffin was transferred to the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in April 1940.<ref name=e0/>Griffin escorted the capital ships of the Home Fleet as they sortied into the North Sea on 7 April and continued that duty for the next several weeks.<ref>Haar (2009), pp. 86, 289, 372</ref>

On 26 April, Griffin and the destroyer Template:HMS captured the German trawler Schiff 26, bound for Narvik with a cargo that included guns, mines and ammunition. She was disguised as the Dutch Polares and armed with one gun and two torpedo tubes. Crewmen aboard the trawler failed to properly dispose of some of her code documents when she was boarded from Griffin. The recovered material allowed Bletchley Park to retrospectively break 6 days of naval Enigma codes. Whilst not operationally useful, this was the first break of the code and gave Alan Turing essential information on how Enigma was used, so allowing methods to be developed for future breaks. This was the first of several similar captures that were essential for the continued Allied breaking of the naval Enigma codes.Template:Sfn

Griffin evacuated British and French troops from Namsos, and rescued survivors from the destroyer Template:HMS after she was sunk by Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers on 3 May. The Stukas also attacked Griffin, without success.<ref>Haarr (2010), pp. 169–175</ref> Griffin was then transferred to the 13th Destroyer Flotilla of the North Atlantic Command at Gibraltar.<ref name=e1>English, p. 101</ref> She escorted the capital ships of Force H in the Battle of Dakar on 23 September, but was not engaged.<ref>Rohwer, p. 42</ref> On 20 October, with her sisters Template:HMS and Template:HMS, she sank the Template:Ship off Melilla.<ref name=e1/> Griffin escorted the battleship Template:HMS and the cruisers Template:HMS and Template:HMS in Operation Coat in early November as they joined the Mediterranean Fleet. Griffin herself was transferred to the 14th Destroyer Flotilla in Alexandria and took part in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November in Operation Collar.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 47, 50</ref>

In Operation Excess, Gallant struck a mine off Pantellaria on 10 January 1941 and Griffin rescued most of the survivors.<ref>English, p. 92</ref> In February 1941 she was transferred to the Red Sea where she escorted the aircraft carrier Template:HMS in the latter's operations in support of the military offensive in Italian Somaliland ("Operation Canvas").<ref>Rohwer, p. 58</ref> Griffin escorted the capital ships of the Mediterranean Fleet in the Battle of Cape Matapan on 28–29 March. With her sister Template:HMS, she attacked some of the Italian destroyers, but lost them when they passed through their own smokescreen.<ref>Stephen, pp. 65–67</ref> Griffin, the Australian destroyer Template:HMAS, and the gunboat Template:HMS bombarded Axis positions near Sollum in northwestern Egypt on 15 April.

She took part in the evacuation of British, Australian and New Zealand troops from Greece at the end of April. On 25 April a German air attack crippled the Dutch troop ship Template:SS, which Griffin had been escorting to Megara<ref name=SAS>Template:Cite web</ref> to evacuate Allied troops. Griffin rescued about 300 survivors,<ref name=NYT-1942-0712>Template:Cite news</ref> sank Pennland by gunfire,<ref name=SAS/> and took the survivors to Crete.<ref name=NYT-1942-0712/> On 27 April Griffin rescued 50 survivors from the destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS, which had been sunk by German aircraft in the Sea of Crete.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Griffin again escorted the capital ships of the Mediterranean Fleet as they covered a convoy from Alexandria to Malta on 8 May.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 68, 70, 72</ref> In the evacuation of Crete at the end of May, Griffin evacuated 720 men from Souda Bay.<ref name=e1/>

During Operation Exporter, the ship escorted the Australian light cruiser Template:HMAS as she bombarded Vichy French positions in Lebanon on 2 July.<ref>Rohwer, p. 78</ref> Griffin escorted convoys to and from Tobruk from July to November.<ref name=e1/> On 25 November she was escorting the battleships of the Mediterranean Fleet when Barham was torpedoed by Template:Ship. She escorted the light cruiser Template:HMS when that ship bombarded Derna in early December<ref>Rohwer, pp. 118, 123</ref> and was transferred to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla later that month.<ref name=e1/> Griffin escorted convoys to Malta in January and February 1942.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 136, 138, 142</ref> until she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean in late February.<ref name=e1/> Griffin was assigned to Force A of the fleet in the Indian Ocean raid by the Japanese in early April 1942. She returned to the Mediterranean to take part in Operation Vigorous, another convoy from Alexandria to Malta, in June.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 154, 173</ref> She rejoined the Eastern Fleet afterwards and escorted convoys there until ordered home to begin conversion to an escort destroyer in September.<ref name=e1/>

Refit and transfer to Canada, 1942–1946

Work on the conversion began on 2 November in Southampton<ref name=e1/> and included the removal of two 4.7-inch guns and the 12-pounder AA gun, and their replacement with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar forward and additional depth charges aft. Type 286 and 271 radar sets were fitted, as well as additional 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns.<ref>Whitley, p. 108</ref> While still refitting, on 1 March 1943, Griffin was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy, and commissioned on 20 March, four days before her conversion was finished. The ship was renamed Ottawa on 10 April to commemorate an earlier Template:HMCS which had been sunk. After working up at Tobermory, she sailed for Canada, and was gifted to the Canadians on 15 June. Ottawa became the senior ship of Escort Group C5 which worked between St. John's, Newfoundland, and Derry, Northern Ireland until May 1944 when she became the senior ship of the 11th Escort Group. The 11th consisted of the Canadian destroyers Template:HMCS, Template:HMCS, Template:HMCS, and Template:HMCS and were tasked to protect the invasion forces for D-Day. On 6 July 1944, Ottawa, Kootenay, and the British frigate Template:HMS sank Template:Ship off Beachy Head, Sussex. Ottawa and Chaudière sank Template:Ship on 16 August near La Rochelle and two days later they sank Template:Ship west of Brest.<ref name=e1/>

Ottawa was refitted in St. John's between 12 October 1944 and 26 February 1945. On 11 March she collided with the Canadian minesweeper Template:HMCS off Halifax and was under repair until 30 April. After the end of the war in May she ferried Canadian troops back to Canada until she was paid off on 31 October. Ottawa was sold to the International Iron and Metal Company in August 1946 and subsequently broken up.<ref name=e1/>

References

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Further reading

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