HMS London (1840)

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HMS London was a two-decker, 90-gun second-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 28 September 1840 at Chatham Dockyard.<ref name="Lavery, SoLv1 p190">Lavery, p. 190</ref> In 1854 she took part in the bombardment of the Konstantin Battery at Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1854–1855, where she sustained damage.

Design and description

The ships were Template:Convert at the gun deck and Template:Convert at the keel. The Rodney class had a beam of Template:Convert, a depth of hold of Template:Convert and measured 2,625 Template:Fraction tons burthen. Their crew numbered 720 in peacetime and 820 in wartime.<ref name=w1>Winfield, pp. 31–32</ref> The ships had the usual three-masted full-ship rig with a sail area of Template:Convert.<ref>Lambert 1991, p. 156</ref>

Captain Charles Napier called Rodney, "a fine warship, but it is not a very superior sailer".<ref>Quoted in Lavery, p. 149</ref> That is not supported by experience as the ship proved to be a steady gun platform with a slow roll and was able to make Template:Convert sailing large early during her first deployment to the Mediterranean. Minor modifications in the early 1840s that including raking her masts backwards subsequently reduced her performance.<ref name=l3/> During comparative speed trials in 1845 against other ships of the line, including Template:HMS, Template:HMS, and Template:HMS, Rodney proved to be the fastest in a head sea, but performed less well under other conditions.<ref>Brown, p. 35</ref>

The muzzle-loading, smoothbore armament of the Rodney class consisted of thirty-two 32-pounder (63 cwt) guns<ref group=Note>"Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 63 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.</ref> and two [[ML 8-inch shell gun|Template:Convert (50 cwt) shell gun]]s on the lower gun deck and thirty-two 32-pounder (55 cwt) and two 8-inch (50 cwt) shell guns on the upper gun deck. Between their forecastle and quarterdeck, they carried twenty-four 32-pounder (42 cwt) guns. The ships were later rearmed with twenty-six 32-pounders (56 cwt) and six 8-inch shell guns on the lower gundeck and thirty 32-pounders (56 cwt) and six 8-inch shell guns on the upper deck. The number of guns on the forecastle and quarterdeck increased to twenty-six 32-pounders (42 cwt) guns.<ref name=w2>Winfield, p. 32</ref> These guns made the Rodney-class ships the most powerful warships in the world when designed because they were the first to carry a full array of long guns that were accurate at long range. Without short-range carronades they outgunned French and American ships of the same size at long range.<ref name=l3>Lambert 1991, p. 153</ref>

Based on the experiences gained during the Crimean War, Baldwin Wake Walker, Surveyor of the Navy, favored converting first- and second-rate ships as they could accommodate the engines and their required coal better than smaller ships. NileTemplate:'s mediocre performance confirmed that the ships needed to be lengthened and their sterns rebuilt to get the best performance<ref>Lambert 1984, pp. 35, 54</ref> and London was ordered to be converted accordingly on 11 December 1856. Work began on 14 January 1857 and she was lengthened to Template:Convert which modestly increased her tons burthen to 2,687.<ref name=w4>Winfield, p. 42</ref> The ship received a 500 nhp engine built by Ravenhill, Selkeld & Co. that gave London a speed of Template:Convert during her sea trials on 15 December 1858 from Template:Cvt, although her masts and stores were not yet fitted.<ref name=l32>Lambert 1984, p. 132</ref> LondonTemplate:'s conversion was so successful that she served as a model for the subsequent conversions of the five first-rate ships of the broadened Template:Sclass and Template:HMS.<ref>Lambert 1984, p. 70</ref>

By 1873, she was a hulk, serving as a depot ship in Zanzibar Bay, off the east coast of Africa, but in March 1878 she was recommissioned to assist in the suppression of the slave trade in the area, serving as a central repair depot, hospital and storage ship for many smaller steam screw boats. At this time there were Africans from West Africa (Kroomen or Krumen) and East Africa (Seedies or Sidis) serving on board. There were also Zanzibari and Arab interpreters and cooks from Portuguese Goa (India). In 1880 Lieutenant Charles Stewart Smith, an officer on another ship, led patrols which captured seven dhows and 185 enslaved people.<ref>The Last Time, by James Stewart Smith (Privately Published, 2019), p. 34</ref> In 1883, three years later, Lieutenant Smith was seconded to the post of Vice-Consul, Zanzibar to Sir John Kirk, the British Consul-General.<ref>The Last Time, by James Stewart Smith (Privately Published, 2019), p. 35</ref>

Captained by Charles J Brownrigg, London herself and her crew made several patrols aimed at hindering the slave trade and, on 3 December 1881, caught up with a slave dhow captained by Hindi bin Hattam. This dhow had around 100 enslaved people on board and was transporting them between Pemba and Zanzibar. Captain Brownrigg led a boarding party to release the enslaved people but bin Hattam's men then attacked the sailors, killing Brownrigg and some of his party before sailing away. Sir Lloyd William Mathews led a force to Wete on Pemba and, after a short battle, took a mortally wounded bin Hattem (Hindi-bin-Khartoum<ref name="House of Commons papers, vol 66, pg189">House of Commons papers, vol 66, p. 189</ref>) prisoner before returning to Zanzibar.

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  19 January 1875 the bombardment of Mombasa by HMS Nassau and Rifleman and boats of HMS London, Illustrated London News
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  HMS London in Zanzibar circa 1876.
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  Pinnace attached to HMS London chasing a dhow in 1881
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  A pinnace probably attached to the London for chasing slave ships.
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  Newly released slaves on board H.M.S. London, circa 1880.

In late 1881, while the vessel was at Zanzibar, it suffered damage of a nature such that repairs were urgently required. The type of wood desired to make the repairs was teak, which "could not readily be procured in the open market." The Sultan was, however, known to have a store of the desired timber and so he was requested to assist with supplying it. This he did and the repairs done. However, the Sultan refused to accept any payment for the supplies. In the eyes of the commander of HMS London, it put the British Royal Navy "in an awkward position" because it would be very difficult to make similar requests in the future.<ref>Captain Charles J Brownrigg to Liet. Colonel SB Miles, 22 Aug 1881. (enclosed in (Lt. Colonel Miles to Granville, 21 Nov 1881. FO 84/1601)</ref>

The final entry in the ship's log is dated 22 January 1883. Captain Luxmoore writes "Paid ship off" "Sent ship's company to transport Template:Ship in passage to England". In 1884 she was sold and broken up.<ref name="Lavery, SoLv1 p190" />

References

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• Duckers, Peter (2011) The Crimean War at Sea: The Naval Campaigns against Russia, 1854-56. Pen & Sword Maritime. Template:ISBN.
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• House of Commons papers by Great Britain. Parliament. (1883), vol. 66, p. 189.

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• http://www.pdavis.nl/ShowShip.php?id=26
• HMS London Figurehead Video