Hall of State
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The Hall of State (originally the State of Texas Building) is a building in Dallas's Fair Park that commemorates the history of the U.S. state of Texas and is considered one of the best examples of Art Deco architecture in the state. It was designed and built for the Texas Centennial Exposition.
Site
The Hall of State is located at Fair Park, an 80-acre fairground in East Dallas. It is located at the west end of the 1,500-foot (460 m) long Esplanade of State which is flanked by six exhibition pavilions and features a long reflecting pool.
The Dallas State Fair (later the State Fair of Texas) has been held at Fair Park since 1886.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
City leaders, such as R. L. Thornton, Fred Florence, and George Waverley Briggs, wanted Dallas to be chosen as the host city for the Texas Centennial Exposition. They worked on building public support and hired architect, George Dahl, to draw up preliminary plans.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dallas was chosen as the host city in September 1934.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> City officials offered the land at Fair Park and promised $8 million dollars would go towards the Centennial,<ref name=":1" /> even if they did not get any state or federal funds.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>
In spring 1935, Texas House Bill 11 passed, which allocated $1,000,000 towards buildings for the Texas Centennial Exposition on the State Fair of Texas fairgrounds<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> plus $200,000 to "equip and furnish the structure."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Design and architecture
Architects
In September 1934, when Dallas submitted its bid to become the host city for the Centennial Exposition, George Dahl’s conceptual sketches for the State of Texas building were presented to the Texas Centennial Commission.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> This version included a cylindrical tower with a gold star on top in the center of the building with pavilions on each side. By June 1935, these plans, minus the tower, were published in the Dallas Morning News.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dahl’s design was approved by the Exposition Commission and the Texas Centennial Commission.
Around June 20, the Centennial Board of Control, a group established by the Texas Legislature to oversee and disburse money set aside for the Centennial,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> contracted the Texas Centennial Architects, Associated to design the building. This group included ten prominent Dallas architects, such as Mark Lemmon, Hal Thomson, Roscoe DeWitt, Marion Foosher, Anton Korn, Ralph Bryan, Walter Sharp, and Arthur Thomas.<ref name=":0" /> On June 24 and 29, 1935, this group presented their designs for the State of Texas building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
These new designs attempted to bring the building’s costs down to the amount set by the Texas Legislature ($1 million).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> By July 3, 1935, none of these designs had been approved.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The next day, Mark Lemmon offered Donald Barthelme the position of chief designer for the State of Texas building. By July 9, Barthelme presented his designs, which were approved by the State Board of Control in Austin. The final revisions to his design was approved on July 20, 1935.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> All three entities involved—the Texas Centennial Central Exposition Corporation, the Texas Centennial Commission, and the Centennial Board of Control—approved his design.<ref name=":0" />
Construction
The formal groundbreaking ceremony for the Hall of State was on October 12, 1935.<ref name=":1" /> The original building plans included two additional rooms, the Hall of 1836 and the Hall of 1936. To keep costs down, they were not built, although their foundations were poured.<ref name=":0" /> By February 1936, the building's steel framework was up,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but only the exterior of the building was ready when the Centennial opened on June 6, 1936.<ref name=":0" /> The building was officially dedicated as the State of Texas building on September 6, 1936.<ref name=":1" /> The building's cost totalled $1.2 million dollars.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref>
Exterior
Grounds
The grassy area around the building contains several sculptures:
- "R. L. Thornton" statue (1969) by Waldine Tauch.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- "Little Lady Liberty," donated to Fair Park by the Boy Scouts of America in the 1950s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- "Berlin Bear/Berliner Bar" (1970) by Hildebert Kliem.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Portico Tejas
The curved exedra at the entrance to the Hall of Texas features Template:Convert tall limestone pillars sit in front of blue tiles designed to evoke the state's flower, the bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis). In the center, above the entrance is an Template:Convert bronze with gold leaf statue called the "Tejas Warrior" by Allie Tennant.<ref>Hendricks, Patricia D. and Becky Duval Reese, A Century of Sculpture in Texas: 1889-1989, University of Texas, Austin, 1989 p. 45</ref> The archer holds high a bow without an arrow, meant to symbolize peace.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref>
The archer statue points to the symbolic seal of Texas designed by Donald Barthelme and carved by Harry Lee Gibson. This carving depicts the Lady of Texas holding a shield with the Texas flag on it and a torch. To her right is an owl, a key, and pecan leaves.<ref name=":3" /> Gibson also carved the century plant fountains outside of the building and shapes of domestic animals such as steer, pronghorn antelope, mountain lion, bighorn sheep, and bison over the balcony doors.
The bronze front doors were designed by Donald Barthelme and include figures representing industry and agriculture in Texas: lariats, cattle, cow ponies, wheat sheaves, cotton bolls, saw blades, pinecones, oil rigs, and gushing oil.<ref name=":3" />
Frieze
The names of the following 60 prominent historical figures in Texas' history are on the exterior frieze of the Hall of State:
The front frieze is designed so that if you look at the first letters, architect's name is spelled out (Barthelme).<ref name=":2" />
Interior
The building is designed in the shape of a T, and has four interior rooms representing regions found in Texas: West, East, North and South.<ref name=":4" /> Each room includes artwork representative of the region. The bottom floor includes an auditorium, offices, and archives.
Hall of Heroes
The main, semi-circular entry area inside the Hall of State is called the Hall of Heroes.<ref name=":4" /> This area features six bronze statues of James Fannin, Mirabeau B. Lamar, Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, Thomas Jefferson Rusk and William B. Travis sculpted by Pompeo Coppini. The statue subjects were chosen by historians and the Centennial Commission to represent key figures in Texas history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A bust of Chester Nimitz sculpted by Felix de Weldon was added in 1964 as part of a planned expansion to the Hall of Heroes. Carvings near the top of the walls in this area list locations important to Texas' fight for independence.
This area also contains bronze plaques that commemorate the Battle of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto.
East Texas Room
The design of this room focuses on the East Texas region. The wood panelling is made from the East Texas gum tree. Orotones by Polly Smith capture scenes from this region, including cotton and oil field workers, and farm life.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Two paintings by Olin Travis are in this room. The first, called "Pre-Oil Texas," depicts cotton ginning and lumber manufacturing. At the bottom of the painting, symbolic characters that Travis called "Sleeping Giants" hide in the soil.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The other painting, called "Post-Oil Texas," shows an oil derrick with the "Sleeping Giants" coming up through it. Oil refineries and skyscrapers are in the background.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref>
West Texas Room
This room decor draws inspiration from West Texas region. The walls are covered in adobe-like plaster with cattle ranch brand designs imprinted in them.The window treatments are made of lariats, horseshoes, and horsetails. The tile designs on the walls were created by Ethel Wilson Harris and the Mexican Arts and Crafts Workshop in San Antonio, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The eight panels depict people in a West Texas town such as a sheriff, horse wrangler, sheep herder, and prospector.
The cowboy statue in the rear of the room was sculpted by Dorothy Austin Webberley out of white pine<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The wall behind the statue is covered in cowhides laced with rawhide strips. The two paintings in this room are by Tom Lea. The first painting is called "Frontier Family," and depicts a man, woman, and child sitting in a wagon with a town in the background. The second, "Cowboy," shows a ranch scene with a cowboy in the foreground.
The West Texas room is currently the G. B. Dealey Library.
The Great Hall
This main room in the building is forty-six feet high, ninety-four feet long, and sixty-eight feet wide. The columns are reeded Cordova Cream shell stone, a quarried Texas limestone.
North Texas Room
This room includes wood carvings depicting wheat and cotton by Lynn Ford over the doors<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and eight photographs by Polly Smith. The only fresco in this building is in this room.<ref name=":5" /> It is entitled "Old Man Texas" and was painted by Arthur Starr Niendorff, who worked with Diego Rivera.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Old Man Texas was a cartoon character created by John Knott for the Dallas Morning News in the early 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
South Texas Room
The walls of this room are covered in aluminum leaf with black Pyrenees marble wainscotting. The artwork in this room includes wood carvings by Lynn Ford depicting history and romance and eight shields designed by James Owen Mahoney, Jr.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The mural in this room, entitled "Allegorical View of South Texas" was also painted by Mahoney.<ref name=":5" />
Reception and impact
The State of Texas building was called a “permanent memorial to Texas patriots”.<ref name=":2" />
Landmark status
The building became a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981.<ref name="Atlas">Template:Cite web</ref>
Current use
The Dallas Historical Society has been responsible for managing the Hall of State since 1938. The Hall of State is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a part of Fair Park. In 1986, the building was restored at a cost of approximately $1.5 million, and the G.B. Dealey Library was opened.
The G.B. Dealey Library, located in the West Texas room of the Hall of State, holds more than ten thousand bound volumes and three million historic documents, including Sam Houston's handwritten account of the battle of San Jacinto.
The Dallas Historical Society rents the Hall of State for events and provides guided tours to school groups.
The American Museum of the Miniature Arts was previously located at the Hall of State.
See also
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Texas
- Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Dallas County
- List of Dallas Landmarks