Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

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Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (Template:Langx; born 1 January 1952) is a member of Qatar's royal family, the House of Thani. He was the ruling Emir of Qatar from 1995 until 2013 when he abdicated the throne, handing power to his fourth son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani who was born to his second spouse, Moza bint Nassir.<ref name=":0">"Qatar: A tiny country asserts powerful influence", CBS 60 Minutes via youtube.com, 15 January 2012.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Qatari government refers to him as the Father Emir.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Hamad seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless palace coup d'état in 1995. During his 18-year rule, Qatar's natural gas production reached 77 million tonnes, making Qatar the richest country in the world per capita with the average income in the country US$86,440 a year per person.<ref name="indy13">Template:Cite news</ref> During his reign, several sports and diplomatic events took place in Qatar, including the 2006 Asian Games, 2012 UN Climate Change Conference, Doha Agreement, Fatah–Hamas Doha Agreement, and it was decided that the 2022 FIFA World Cup would be held in the country. He established the Qatar Investment Authority. By 2013, it had invested over $100 billion around the world, including The Shard, Barclays Bank, Heathrow Airport, Harrods, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Volkswagen, Siemens, and Royal Dutch Shell.<ref name=mem>Template:Cite web</ref>

Hamad ruled a sovereign regime in Qatar without any support from opposition political parties.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> During Hamad's rule, Qatar hosted two U.S. military bases. It also maintained relations with Iran. The Sheikh founded news media group Al Jazeera. He also played a part in negotiations between the U.S. and the Taliban.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In June 2013, Hamad, in a brief televised address, announced that he would hand power to his fourth son, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early years and education

Hamad was born in 1952. His mother died soon after his birth and he was raised by his uncle.<ref name=dic25jun>Template:Cite news</ref>

He graduated from the British Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in 1971, and was then commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in Qatar's armed forces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=aps17sep>Template:Cite news</ref> A few months later he returned to Qatar and was made commander of a mobile brigade, which later became a force called "Hamad Brigade".<ref name=aps17sep/> In 1972, Hamad had the rank of general, and became army chief of staff.<ref name=aps17sep/> Next he was appointed commander-in-chief of Qatar's armed forces with the rank of major general.<ref name=indy13/><ref name=aps17sep/> In 1977 he was named minister of defense.<ref name=aps17sep/>

Hamad was appointed Heir Apparent of Qatar in 1977 and held the post until 1995.<ref name="b">Template:Cite web</ref> In the early 1980s, he led the Supreme Planning Council, which sets Qatar's basic economic and social policies. Starting in 1992, Hamad's father began gradually handing over responsibility for the day-to-day running of the country,<ref name="CSM1">Template:Cite journal</ref> including the development of Qatar's oil and natural gas resources, rendering him the effective ruler of the country.<ref name="voa">Template:Cite web</ref> However, his father ultimately retained control over state finances.<ref name="voa"/> On 27 June 1995, he won the throne from his father in a palace coup, Hamad became Emir of Qatar and was crowned on 20 June 2000.<ref name="CSM1" />

Reign (1995–2013)

With the support of his family, Hamad staged a bloodless coup d'état in 1995 when his father Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani was on vacation in Geneva, Switzerland, at which point he officially became the Emir of Qatar.<ref name="CSM1" /><ref name=Current_Leaders>Template:Cite book Gale Biography in Context. Template:Subscription required</ref> The deposition came after a falling out between Hamad and his father, who had tried regaining some of the authority that he gave to Hamad in early 1995.<ref name="voa"/> Thereafter, his father lived in exile in France and Abu Dhabi<ref name=Current_Leaders/> until he returned to Qatar in 2001.

Hamad then engaged an American law firm to freeze his father's bank accounts abroad in order to deter a possible countercoup.<ref name=CSM1/> However, a counter-coup was attempted against Hamad in February 1996 under the leadership of former Economy Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani. The coup failed, and several of Qatar's traditional Arab allies were implicated in the plot, namely Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In a break with the traditional role, his second wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned has been a visible advocate for education and children's causes.<ref name="CSM1"/> In 1995, Sheikh Hamad and his wife Sheikha Moza bint Nasser founded the Qatar Foundation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

A sportsman<ref>**Template:Cite book</ref> and an accomplished diver, Hamad has played an active role in promoting and developing athletics in Qatar.<ref name=indy13/> His activism has enhanced the country's involvement and performance in a number of international competitions, including: winning an Olympic medal in track and field; hosting a wide variety of international sporting events such as the 15th Asian Games, GCC, Asian and World Youth soccer championships; and initiating the Qatar Open Tennis Championship which has grown to become one of two premier tennis competitions in the Middle East.

Hamad bin Khalifa in the Kremlin with Russian President Vladimir Putin, December 2001

Under his rule the Qatari government helped to fund the Al Jazeera news network by an emiri decree.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In an analysis of Al Jazeera, Hugh Miles said that diplomats from other countries know that the Emir was the real power behind Al Jazeera but he also quotes a network spokesman denying 'countless times' this accusation, adding that many independent news sources also have subsidies from their respective governments without this implying editorial dabbling and explaining that trying to coerce the kind of journalists Al Jazeera has would be like trying to 'herd cats'.<ref name="books.google.com">Template:Cite book</ref> Sheik Hamad is a distant cousin of the network chairman, Hamad bin Thamer Al Thani, who was previously Minister of Information in the Emir Al Thani government. Following the initial US$137 million grant from Emir Al Thani, Al Jazeera had aimed to become self-sufficient through advertising by 2001, but when this failed to occur, the Emir agreed to several consecutive loans<ref name="books.google.com"/> on a year-by-year basis (US$30 million in 2004,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> according to Arnaud de Borchgrave). At a 3 October 2001 press conference, Colin Powell tried to persuade Sheik Hamad to shut down Al Jazeera while the New York-based organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting commented that in those efforts, "Powell and other U.S. officials were reportedly upset by the channel re-airing old interviews with bin Laden and the inclusion of guests that are too critical of the United States on its programs."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> The Washington Post reported in 2005 that Sheik Hamad was under pressure to privatize the network.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2010, Qatar was awarded the right to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The country would become the first in the Middle East to host the event, beating out Australia, Japan, South Korea and the US.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Autocracy

Hamad ruled an autocratic regime in Qatar.<ref name=":2" /> There was no organized political opposition in Qatar.<ref name=":3" /> National news outlets exercised self-censorship.<ref name=":3" />

Oil and gas wealth

US President George W. Bush and Hamad bin Khalifa in the Oval Office, 2003

Hamad was able to focus on turning Qatar from a small desert backwater into a major world power by continuing to exploit the country's vast oil fields and discovering and tapping the world's third largest gas reserves.<ref name="lem">lemonde.fr: "La France accorde une exonération d'impôts aux avoirs du Qatar", 21 Feb 2009</ref> By 2010 liquefied natural gas production had reached 77 million tons, making Qatar the richest country in the world. With fewer than two million inhabitants, the average income in the country shot to $86,440 per year per person. Qatar expert Olivier Da Lage said: "When he came to power in 1995, Sheikh Hamad had a goal to place Qatar on the world map by exploiting the gas resources which his father did not develop for fear it would change the emirate's society. Eighteen years on, he has finished the job – Qatar has acquired the financial clout to command respect from neighboring countries and Western governments alike".<ref name="indy13" />

Sheikh Hamad with Vladimir Putin in 2007

In 2005, under the direction of Hamad and Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, the Qatar Investment Authority was established, a sovereign wealth fund to manage the country's oil and natural gas surpluses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Qatar Investment Authority and its subsidiaries have acquired many businesses abroad, including London's iconic department store Harrods from entrepreneur Mohamed Al-Fayed,<ref>"Qatar investor buys UK department store Harrods", Reuters, 8 May 2010.</ref> Paris-based department store Printemps,<ref>"Qatari Investors to Buy Printemps", The Wall Street Journal, 8 April 2013.</ref> French football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C.,<ref>"Qatari Hopes for Paris Saint-Germain Meet Reality", The New York Times, 24 May 2013.</ref> a former 10% stake in Porsche,<ref>"Qatar sells back 10 percent Porsche stake to founding families", Reuters, 17 June 2013.</ref> a 75% stake in film studio Miramax Films which they acquired from Disney,<ref>"Ron Tutor Sells His Miramax Stake", The Hollywood Reporter, 21 January 2013.</ref> a 2% stake in media conglomerate and Universal Music Group parent company Vivendi,<ref>"Vivendi Says Shareholder Qatar Holding Raised its Stake to 2%", Bloomberg News Bloomberg, 21 March 2012.</ref> a US$100 million investment in Chernin Group – whose founder Peter Chernin was COO of News Corp and President of Fox,<ref>"Chernin Group receives $100-million investment from Qatar Holding", LA Times, 8 November 2012.</ref> a 1% stake in luxury goods manufacturer Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy,<ref>"Slice of LVMH", Vogue, 16 March 2012.</ref> a 6% stake in Credit Suisse,<ref>"Credit Suisse Raises $6.2 Billion From Qatar Holding, Olayan", Bloomberg, 14 February 2011.</ref> a 12.6% stake in Barclays<ref>"Barclays ducks Qatar questions, takes $1.6 billion mis-selling hit", Reuters, 5 February 2013.</ref> and several other major companies. They also backed Glencore's $31 billion takeover bid for Xstrata.<ref>"Qatar Wealth Fund Backs Glencore's Bid for Xstrata", The New York Times, 15 November 2012.</ref> Qatar is the largest property owner in London with their holdings including the United Kingdom's tallest building The Shard, the London Olympic Village and the InterContinental London Park Lane hotel.<ref>"Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabber Al Thani: Meet the man who bought London", The Independent, 21 June 2013.</ref> They also own several hotels in Cannes including the Majestic Hotel, Grand Hyatt Cannes Hôtel Martinez and the Carlton Hotel, Cannes.<ref>"Cannes Carlton hotel sold to Qatar investor for €450m" Template:Webarchive, Pie Mag, 15 December 2011.</ref> QIA was considered to have one of the leading bids in the sales of both Anschutz Entertainment Group<ref>"AEG shoots for stars with up to $10B sale", New York Post, 13 November 2012.</ref> and Hulu.<ref>"Qatar among bidders for US online TV firm", Arabian Business, 9 June 2013.</ref> As of May 2013, it was reported the Investment Authority was in talks to purchase Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman.<ref>"Qatar Investment Authority in talks to buy Neiman Marcus", New York Post, 31 May 2013.</ref>

Hamad with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, September 2010

Media sources claimed that Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani made a bid for Manchester United on 11 February 2011. Qatari Holdings offered £1.65 billion to Malcolm Glazer, the American owner of the club.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This follows a series of endeavors by the Emir and other Qataris into the global football community, following Qatar's successful bid for the 2022 World Cup, and the Qatar Foundation's recent £125m shirt deal with FC Barcelona. In mid-June 2011, rumours resurfaced that Qatari Holdings were preparing a £2 Billion takeover bid and that the funding, that the club had been using for transfers since the start of June, was actually supplied by the Qataris and not the Glazer Family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2012 it was rumoured that Sheik Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani was in bid for Rangers F.C.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 30 March 2012 Sheik Al Thani offered to buy KF Tirana, although the details have yet to be published.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Culture and education

In the arts, Hamad established the Qatar Museums Authority in 2005 which built the I. M. Pei designed Museum of Islamic Art Doha. Since its opening, Qatar has become the world's biggest contemporary art buyer,<ref name=":1">"Qatar revealed as the world's biggest contemporary art buyer", Forbes, 7 July 2011.</ref> famously purchasing Cézanne's The Card Players in 2012 for over US$250 million.<ref>"Qatar Purchases Cézanne's The Card Players for More Than $250 Million, Highest Price Ever for a Work of Art", Vanity Fair, February 2012</ref> The art acquisition efforts were often represented by Sheikh Saud bin Mohammed Al Thani, president of Qatar's National Council for Culture, Arts and the Heritage.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Sheikh Hamad with President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in 2012

The Museum Authority sponsored Takashi Murakami's EGO exhibit in Doha which ran from 9 February to 24 June 2012,<ref>"Takashi Murakami's "Ego" Exhibition at Al Riwaq Exhibition Hall in Doha, Qatar", Huffington Post, 9 February 2012.</ref> Damien Hirst's retrospective at Tate Modern in Spring and Summer 2012<ref>"Qatari royal family sponsors Damien Hirst retrospective at Tate Modern", The National, 5 April 2012.</ref> and Hirst's exhibition Relics, from October 2013 to January 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2013, in conjunction with Miuccia Prada and the Prada Foundation, QMA launched CURATE, a global search for curatorial talent.<ref>"Qatar and Prada Announce 'Curate' Prize", Gallerist NY, 12 July 2013.</ref> Additionally, the Doha Film Institute was established in 2009 which in partnership with the Tribeca Film Festival (founded by Robert De Niro), created the Doha Tribeca Film Festival that ran from 2009 – 2012.<ref>"Tribeca Enterprises, Qatar's Doha Film Institute End Cultural, Festival Partnership", The Hollywood Reporter, 30 April 2013.</ref> The Doha Film Institute is producing Salma Hayek's upcoming animated adaptation of Khalil Gibran's classic novel The Prophet, with Lion King director Roger Allers coordinating the process.<ref>"Salma Hayek and Doha Film Institute to Adapt Khalil Gibran's 'The Prophet' into Animated Movie", The Hollywood Reporter, 23 February 2012.</ref> DFI is also credited as a production company on several other films, including Just Like a Woman starring Sienna Miller,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Reluctant Fundamentalist, directed by Mira Nair, which opened the 69th Venice International Film Festival,<ref>"The Reluctant Fundamentalist", BBC News, 30 August 2013.</ref> and Kanye West's Cruel Summer – a short film which was shot in Doha and premiered during the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.<ref>"Cannes 2012: Kanye West Debuts Groundbreaking Film With Kim Kardashian, Jay-Z in Attendance", The Hollywood Reporter, 23 May 2012.</ref> In February 2013, they announced a $100 million feature film fund with Participant Media, a production company founded by billionaire Jeffrey Skoll, who was the first employee and also first president of internet auction firm eBay.<ref>"Berlin: Participant Media, Doha Film Institute Launch Five-Year $100M Feature Film Fund", Deadline, 13 February 2013.</ref>

Under the patronage of Hamad and his wife Sheikha Moza Bint Nasser Al-Missned, various academic institutions have opened campuses in Doha, including Carnegie Mellon University, Georgetown University, Northwestern University, Texas A&M University and Weill Cornell Medical College.<ref name=":0" />

Retirement and later life

John Kerry meets with the former Emir in 2014

On 25 June 2013, Hamad handed over power to his son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani in a televised speech.<ref name="New Emir BBC">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"In Surprise, Emir of Qatar Plans to Abdicate, Handing Power to Son", The New York Times, 25 June 2013.</ref> In regards to the shift in power, Hamad said: "The time has come to open a new page in the journey of our nation that would have a new generation carry the responsibilities".<ref name="investvine">Template:Cite web</ref>

Since his retirement, he is now popularly referred to as the Father Emir. His fourth son Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, from his second wife, Moza bint Nasser, is now the eighth and current Emir of Qatar.

Hamad is believed to have suffered from poor health for several years. In December 2015, he was flown to Zurich, Switzerland, for treatment after breaking his leg while on holiday in Morocco's Atlas Mountains.<ref name=GuardDec15>Template:Cite news</ref>

Hamad underwent his first kidney transplant in 1997 <ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and at least one more at a later date.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The former emir is currently on dialysis.

Foreign relations

Sheikh Hamad with Crown Princess Margareta of Romania and her husband Prince Radu, 2010

The Emir made a $100 million donation for the relief of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina in 2005.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was a key person in the cease fire during the 2006 Lebanon War and contributed significantly in the relief of damaged areas.

In 2012, the Emir proposed deploying Arab troops to reduce killings in the Syrian civil war.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He provided two military bases for foreign troops, Al Udeid Air Base and Camp As Sayliyah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite the prevalence of anti-Israel sentiment within the Arab world, he had previously maintained friendly relations with Israel.<ref name="Current_Leaders" /> He met Foreign Minister of Israel Tzipi Livni (25 September 2007) in New York City. This marked the first real attempt by any leader in the Persian Gulf to pursue dialogue with Israel.<ref> Template:Cite videoTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, Qatar severed diplomatic ties with Israel in 2009 in response to Israel's actions during the Gaza War.<ref>Qatar, Mauritania cut Israel ties Al Jazeera. Date: Friday, 16 January 2009</ref> The emir has also expressed his objection to Israeli settlement policy, especially the Judaization of Jerusalem.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Palestine and Syria

In October 2012, the Emir made a landmark visit to Gaza by being the first head of state to go there since the 2006 election of Hamas and the imposition of a blockade by Israel.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He took a flight to Egypt before being driven into Gaza. While there, the Emir was thought to be launching a $254 million reconstruction project in the territory, and giving an address to the Palestinian people. Palestine's interior ministry was said to have a "well-prepared plan" to provide security for the emir during his stay.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Incidents nevertheless continued.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

In October 2012, Hamad visited Gaza and pledged US$400 million in humanitarian aid to Hamas, to build infrastructure projects and hospitals.<ref>"Qatar's Emir Visits Gaza, Pledging $400 Million to Hamas", The New York Times, 23 October 2012.</ref> Despite Qatar's ties to Hamas, they maintain diplomatic and business relations with Israel.<ref>"Qatari Sheikh Said to Want to Visit Israel on Business", The Wall Street Journal, 2 May 2013.</ref>

In December 2012, The New York Times accused the Qatari government of funding the Al-Nusra Front, a U.S. government designated terrorist organization.<ref name="nytimes.com">"Al Qaeda in Syria", Editorial, The New York Times, 10 December 2012.</ref> OthersTemplate:Who have noted the Emir's visit to Gaza and meeting with Hamas, which houses a militant wing, Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.<ref name="ft.com">Kerr, Simeon, and Vita Bekker, "Qatar emir in landmark trip to Gaza", Financial Times, 23 October 2012.</ref> However, Qatar denies these allegations, stating that its policy is to help facilitate constructive engagement between Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2004, 2010, 2014, and 2017, the Qatari government introduced new anti-terror laws to combat terrorism, terrorism financing and related crimes. In 2019 the Qatari government introduced a new anti-money laundering and counter terror financing laws.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In August 2020, the US State Department sent the Coordinator for Counterterrorism Nathan Sales to Doha to thank Qatar for their efforts against terrorism and to discuss Qatar's role in combating the financing of terrorism, its new Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of Terrorism legislation and its participation in the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Investments

In 2013, Hamad established the Qatar Investment Authority, which has invested over $100 billion around the world, including The Shard, Barclays Bank, Heathrow Airport, Harrods, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Siemens and Royal Dutch Shell.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It also holds about 17% stake in the Volkswagen Group, Porsche, Hochtief, as well as investments in Sainsbury's.

Hamad is listed as owner of Afrodille S.A., which had a bank account in Luxembourg and shares in two South African companies. He also held a majority of the shares in Rienne S.A. and Yalis S.A., which held a term deposit with the Bank of China in Luxembourg. A relative owned 25% of these: Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim Al Thani, Qatar's former prime minister and foreign minister.

Marriages and children

Sheikh Hamad has three wives and twenty-four children, eleven sons and thirteen daughters:Template:Citation needed

Titles, styles, honours and awards

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Titles

  • 1 January 1952 – 22 February 1972: Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
  • 22 February 1972 – 1977: His Excellency Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
  • 1977 – 27 June 1995: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Crown Prince of Qatar
  • 27 June 1995 – 25 June 2013: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar
  • 25 June 2013 – present: His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Father Emir of Qatar<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Honours

Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani with Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned

National honours

  • Qatar:
    • Former Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Independence
    • Former Sovereign Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit

Foreign honours

Awards

See also

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References

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