Hans Hartwig von Beseler
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Hans Hartwig von Beseler (27 April 1850 – 20 December 1921) was a German colonel general.
Biography
Beseler was born in Greifswald, Pomerania as the son of Georg Beseler, then a law professor at the University of Greifswald.
Military career
He entered the Prussian Army in 1868, fought in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 and had a successful military career until his retirement in 1910. Beseler was ennobled in 1904 by William II, German Emperor.<ref>Biography Template:In lang</ref>
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Beseler was brought out of retirement and given command of the 3rd Reserve Corps in the German First Army led by Generaloberst Alexander von Kluck. The Imperial German Army took Brussels on 20 August and the German command considered the Belgian Army defeated. The main force of the German armies marched toward France, leaving the 3rd Reserve Corps behind. Beseler was ordered to take possession of the city of Antwerp on 9 September. The Siege of Antwerp ended on 10 October, when Antwerp's Mayor Jan De Vos, surrendered the city. Beseler followed the Belgian army and was halted by Allied (mainly Belgian) forces in the Battle of the Yser (October 1914).
In the spring of 1915, Beseler was sent to the Eastern Front with Max von Gallwitz's 9th Army. There he led the successful siege of Novogeorgievsk in August 1915.
Administrative career
On 27 August 1915<ref>Template:Cite EB1922</ref> Beseler was made Military Governor of the German-occupied part of the zone of Polish lands, or Congress Poland, and served as such until the end of the war. Beseler hoped to assemble three divisions of Polish volunteers for use by the Central Powers, and to this end wanted to present a "facade of independent Poland".<ref name=Roshwald> Template:Cite book </ref> His official title was Governor-general of Template:Lang. Beseler gave his support to the Polish Border Strip plan, which would have seen mass expulsions of Poles and Jews from territory annexed by the German Empire from formerly Russian-held parts of Poland, and subsequent colonization of this area by German settlers.<ref>Armies of occupation, Roy Arnold Prete, A. Hamish Ion, page 121, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1984</ref>
In November 1915, Beseler reopened the University of Warsaw and the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute and allowed the usage of the Polish language at the university for the first time since 1869.<ref name=Leslie> Template:Cite book </ref> Municipal councils were elected and the lower jurisdiction was organized by Polish locals.<ref name=Leslie/><ref> Template:Cite book </ref> Despite these efforts, German intentions were transparent, and German rule was not well tolerated by the Poles. German calls for Polish volunteers produced disappointing results. Most Poles saw an Allied victory as the best hope for genuine independence.<ref>Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914-1918 Roger Chickering, page 86 Cambridge University Press 2002</ref>
After the Central Powers' Act of 5th November of 1916 held out the prospect of limited Polish autonomy, Beseler stayed and still wielded real power as the General Governor of the Government General of Warsaw, the German-occupied part of the Kingdom of Poland, alongside the Austrian Governor General Template:Ill, who resided in Lublin. Beseler was also the titular commander of the so-called Polnische Wehrmacht. After the Act of 5 November was declared, he organized a ceremony in Warsaw's Royal Castle with such gestures as the unfurling of a Polish flag and the playing of the Polish national anthem; the event backfired as the Polish crowds started shouting "Out with the Germans!".<ref name=Roshwald/> On 4 October 1916 Beseler issued a decree allowing forced labour by Polish men aged between 18 and 45.<ref>Warszawa w latach 1914-1939, Marian Marek Drozdowski, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, page 49, 1990</ref><ref>Polska XX wieku: 1914-2003 Marek Derwich, Horyzont, page 12, 2004</ref>
After Poland declared independence on 11 November 1918 and all German soldiers in Warsaw were disarmed, Beseler fled in disguise to Germany. A broken and disillusioned man, attacked by the German Conservatives and Nationalists as having been too liberal towards the Poles, but disliked in Poland for being too Prussian, Beseler died in 1921 in Neubabelsberg near Potsdam. He was buried at the Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin. Template:Clearleft
Ranks
- 1870/71: Leutnant
- 1875-06-15: Oberleutnant
- 1882-04-18: Hauptmann
- 1888-09-19: Major
- 1893-10-17: Oberstleutnant
- 1897-03-22: Oberst
- 1900-01-27: Generalmajor
- 1903-04-18: Generalleutnant
- 1907-11-09: General der Infanterie
- 1918-01-27: Generaloberst
Decorations
Beseler, besides many minor decorations, received the Pour le Mérite with oak leaves and the Iron Cross (1st and 2nd Classes), and was a Commander with Star and Crown of the Prussian Order of the House of Hohenzollern.
Bibliography
- Bogdan Graf von Hutten-Czapski, Sechzig Jahre Politik und Gesellschaft, Volunme 1 - 2, Berlin: Mittler 1936
References
External links
- Kauffman, Jesse: Beseler, Hans von, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
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- Notes
- Pages with broken file links
- 1850 births
- 1921 deaths
- People from Greifswald
- Military personnel from the Province of Pomerania
- Free Conservative Party politicians
- Members of the Prussian House of Lords
- Colonel generals of Prussia
- German untitled nobility
- German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
- German Army generals of World War I
- Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
- Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class
- 19th-century Prussian military personnel
- Military personnel from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern