Harold Gillies
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox person Sir Harold Delf Gillies Template:Post-nominals (17 June 1882 – 10 September 1960) was the father of modern plastic surgery for the techniques he devised to repair the faces of wounded soldiers returning from World War I.<ref name="Yeo Society">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He initially trained as an Otolaryngologist and subsequently developed reconstructive techniques that culminatated in the advent of plastic surgery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Early life
Gillies was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, the son of Member of Parliament in Otago, Robert Gillies.<ref name="DNZB">Template:DNZB</ref> He attended Whanganui Collegiate School and studied medicine at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where despite a stiff elbow sustained sliding down the banisters at home as a child, he was an excellent sportsman. He was a golf blue in 1903, 1904 and 1905 and also a rowing blue, competing in the 1904 Boat Race.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At Caius he became a freemason and rose to be Master of Caius Lodge. Gillies was a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital and won the Luther Holden Research Scholarship in 1910. He was also Lecturer on Plastic Surgery in that medical school.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Career
World War I
Following the outbreak of World War I he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. Initially posted to Wimereux, near Boulogne, he acted as medical minder to a French-American dentist, Auguste Charles Valadier, who was not allowed to operate unsupervised but was attempting to develop jaw repair work.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gillies, eager after seeing Valadier experimenting with nascent skin graft techniques, then decided to leave for Paris, to meet the renowned oral surgeon Hippolyte Morestin. He saw him remove a tumour on a patient's face, and cover it with jaw skin taken from the patient.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gillies became enthusiastic about the work and on his return to England persuaded the army's chief surgeon, William Arbuthnot-Lane, that a facial injury ward should be established at the Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The ward rapidly proved inadequate for the increasingly large number of patients in need of treatment, and a new hospital devoted to facial repairs was developed at Sidcup. The Queen's Hospital opened in June 1917, and with its convalescent units provided over 1,000 beds. There, Gillies and his colleagues developed many innovative plastic surgery techniques; more than 11,000 operations were performed on over 5,000 men.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The hospital, later to become Queen Mary's Hospital, was at Frognal House (the birthplace and property of Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney after whom Sydney, Australia, was named).
For his war services, Gillies was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1919, and promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire the following year.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He was knighted in the 1930 Birthday Honours.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet, commented, "Better late than never".Template:Citation needed
Private practice
Between the wars Gillies developed a substantial private practice with Rainsford Mowlem, including many famous patients, and travelled extensively, lecturing, teaching and promoting the most advanced techniques worldwide.
In 1930 Gillies invited his cousin, Archibald McIndoe, to join the practice, and also suggested he apply for a post at St Bartholomew's Hospital. This was the point at which McIndoe became committed to plastic surgery, in which he too became pre-eminent.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
World War II
During World War II Gillies acted as a consultant to the Ministry of Health, the RAF and the Admiralty. He organised plastic surgery units in various parts of Britain and inspired colleagues to do the same, including pioneering plastic surgeon Stewart Harrison who founded the plastic surgery unit at Wexham Park Hospital, Berkshire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His own work continued at Rooksdown House, part of the Park Prewett Hospital, Basingstoke. During this period, and after the war, he trained many doctors from Commonwealth nations in plastic surgery.
Gillies also carried out lecture tours on plastic surgery across South America between 1941 and 1942 alongside British colour photographer Percy Hennell.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Pioneering gender-affirming surgery
Instead of retiring at the end of the Second World War Gillies had to keep working as he had insufficient savings.<ref name=":0" />
In 1946, he and a colleague carried out one of the first gender-affirming surgery from female to male on Michael Dillon.<ref name="roach">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1951 he and colleagues carried out one of the first modern gender-affirming surgeries, from male to female, on Roberta Cowell,<ref name="roach"/> using a flap technique, which became the standard for 40 years.
Gillies made a visit to New Zealand in 1956 after an absence of 51 years.<ref name=":0" />
On his work for Cowell and Dillon, Gillies remarked: “If it gives real happiness, that is the most that any surgeon or medicine can give.”<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Death
Gillies suffered a cerebral thrombosis at the age of 78 while undertaking a major operation on the damaged leg of an 18-year-old girl on 3 August 1960.<ref name="Meikle. Page 196">Meikle. Page 196.</ref>
Gillies died on 10 September 1960 at The London Clinic, at 20 Devonshire Place, Marylebone.<ref name="Meikle. Page 196"/> Despite earning an estimated £30,000 per year between the First and Second World Wars he left an estate of only £21,161.<ref name="Meikle. Page 196"/>
Personal life
Gillies married Kathleen Margaret Jackson on 9 November 1911, in London. They had four children. His eldest son, John Gillies, flew Spitfires with No. 92 Squadron RAF in World War II. John was shot down over France on 23 May 1940, and became a POW for the duration of the war. Harold's youngest son Michael Thomas Gillies followed his father into medicine. Actor Daniel Gillies is his descendant.
Gillies was an amateur golfer. He played in the Amateur Championship every year from 1906 to 1931 and represented England in their annual match against Scotland in 1908, 1925, 1926 and 1927. He won the 1913 St. George's Grand Challenge Cup and was runner-up in the 1914 Golf Illustrated Gold Vase, behind Harold Hilton.<ref name=tobit>Template:Cite news</ref> He won the President's Putter in 1925. His older brother Charles won the 1899 Australian Amateur.
For many years his home was at 71 Frognal, Hampstead, London. A blue plaque on the front of that house now commemorates his life and work. In Cambridge, in 2015, Gonville and Caius College built twelve houses and named the road "Gillies Close" (postcode CB5 8ZD) in his honour. Gillies Lane at Gun Hill Park in Aldershot, the former Cambridge Military Hospital, similarly commemorates him.
Selected publications
- Gillies HD. Plastic Surgery of the Face. Henry Frowde. 1920, 1983. Template:ISBN
- Gillies HD, Millard DR. The Principles and Art of Plastic Surgery. Butterworth. 1958.
Reviews
References
Bibliography
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- 1882 births
- 1960 deaths
- Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
- New Zealand otolaryngologists
- Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
- British plastic surgeons
- Medical doctors from Dunedin
- Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
- New Zealand male golfers
- Amateur golfers
- Surgeons specializing in transgender medicine
- Hill–McIndoe–Gillies family
- 20th-century New Zealand surgeons
- 20th-century British medical doctors
- 20th-century New Zealand medical doctors
- Archibald McIndoe
- New Zealand plastic surgeons
- Royal Army Medical Corps officers
- British Army personnel of World War I
- Commanders Second Class of the Order of the Dannebrog
- New Zealand military personnel of World War I
- Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
- Knights Bachelor