Hassan Hanafi
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Hassan Hanafi (Template:Langx; 23 February 1935 – 21 October 2021) was a professor and chaired the philosophy department at Cairo University.<ref name="Navarro">Navarro, Alain (2 October 2006) "Egypt professor compares Koran to supermarket" Template:Webarchive Middle East Online</ref><ref name="Khuri">Khuri, Richard K. (1994) "A Critique of Hassan Hanafi Concerning his Reflections on the Scarcity of Freedom in the Arab-Muslim World" page 88 In Mardin, Şerif (ed.) (1994) Cultural transitions in the Middle East E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 86-115, Template:ISBN</ref> He was a leading authority on modern Islam.<ref name="Khuri"/><ref>Fornet-Betancourt, Raúl (1999) "Hassan Hanafi (Cairo, Egypt)" Quo vadis, Philosophie?: Antworten der Philosophen: Dokumentation einer Weltumfrage Wissenschaftsverlag Mainz, Aachen, Germany, page 138, Template:ISBN, in German</ref>
As a young man motivated by a revolutionary political activism, Hanafi associated with the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref name="Murphy-220"/><ref name="Navarro"/> Later Hanafi studied at the Sorbonne in Paris.<ref name="Navarro"/> From 1967, he was a professor of philosophy in Cairo, as well as a visiting professor at universities in France, the United States, Belgium, Kuwait and Germany. He has been categorized as among "the big names" of the post-1967 Arab intellectual tradition.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
Early life
Hanafi was born into an artistic family in Cairo, Egypt.<ref name="Murphy-220">Murphy, Caryle (2002) "Chapter 11: New Thinking in Islam" Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: The Egyptian Experience Scribner, New York, page 220, Template:ISBN</ref> In his youth he studied the violin, which he continued to play later in his life.<ref name="Murphy-220"/>
Philosophy
Hanafi was a disciple of the phenomenologist Osman Amin,<ref name="Tymieniecka">Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2002) Phenomenology and Contemporary Islamic Thought Phenomenology World-wide: Foundations, expanding dynamisms, life-engagements: a guide for research and study Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, page 320, Template:ISBN</ref> and published a trilogy<ref>Hanafi, Hasan (1965) Les méthodes d'exégèse: essai sur la science des fondements de la compréhension "ʻIlm Uṣul al-fiqh" République arabe unie, Conseil supérieur des arts, des lettres et des sciences sociales, Cairo, Egypt, Template:OCLC; Hanafi, Hasan (1980) L'exégèse de la phénoménologie: l'état actuelle de la méthode phénoménologique et son application au phénomène religieux Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, Cairo, Egypt, Template:OCLC; Hanafi, Hasan (1988) La phénoménologie de l'exégèse: essai d'une herméneutique existentielle à partir du Nouveau Testament Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop, Cairo, Egypt, Template:ISBN</ref> in which he used Husserl's methods to reconstruct classic Islamic philosophy and to critique the sources and development of European consciousness.<ref name="Tymieniecka"/>
Hanafi's interpretation of Islam has been described as socialist and he elaborated on the concept of an "Islamic Left", interpreting Islam in a socialist manner, or else a "third way."<ref name=":1">Template:Citation</ref> He promoted an interpretation of Islam supporting the development of a global ethics.<ref>Olsson, Susanne. 2006. Islam and the West in the Ideology of Hasan Hanafi. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.</ref> In his later works Hanafi argued that Islam needed to be understood in way that facilitates human freedom and progress.<ref name="Khuri" /><ref name="Murphy-219">Murphy, Caryle (2002) "Chapter 11: New Thinking in Islam" Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: The Egyptian Experience Scribner, New York, page 219, Template:ISBN</ref> As summarized by scholar Mohammed Hashas:
"...some of the renowned defenders of socialism for Arab nationhood would become leading scholars of what has come to be known as the 'Islamic left', a concept that first appeared in the first issue of the Islamic Left Magazine, 1981, by the philosopher Hassan Hanafi (b. 1935), as part of his project 'the third way' of reading the tradition and modernity, a way that is neither fully Euro-modern nor fully Islamico-traditionalist; it is implicitly secular-mundane, since it reads the sacred in the light of the sociopolitical needs of people; it is creed revolutionized to be lived (mina-lʻaqīda ilā thawra), as one of the volumes of the project is entitled" (2018, 271).<ref name=":1" />
Hanafi acted as an adviser to the InterAction Council, a coalition of 26 former prime ministers and presidents.<ref>"Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities" Template:Webarchive InterAction Council, 1 September 1997, page 10</ref> He was also a member of the Association for Intercultural Philosophy, which encourages a dialogue among philosophers from all over the world. He was one of the original signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.<ref>"Signatories" Template:Webarchive official website of "A Common Word"</ref>
Hanafi is also remembered for his published scholarly debates with contemporary philosopher Mohammed Abed al-Jabri.<ref name=":0" />
He won a number of academic awards during his lifetime.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref>
Controversy over his apostasy
Hanafi's book "An Invitation for Dialogue" was accused by conservative Islamic scholars as heresy and apostasy.<ref>http://www.arabwestreport.info/?q=node/3749 (Arab West Report Art. 27, Week 20/2000, 10 – 16 May)</ref>
His liberal opinions about Islam infuriated conservative Islamic scholars and the staff of the al-Azhar University. For example, he stated that the name of God should be changed to "Transcendence". Conservative scholars from al-Azhar refuted that Hanafi was distorting Islam.<ref>http://www.arabwestreport.info/?q=node/4809 (Arab West Report Art. 11, Week 25/2001, 20 – 26 June)</ref> A fatwa was issued that condemned Hanafi as an apostate. This raised controversy in Egypt, as many liberals disagreed with the charge that Hanafi was an apostate.<ref>http://www.arabwestreport.info/?q=node/14399 (Arab West Report Art. 2, Week 51/1997, 19 – 25 December )</ref>
Legacy
In an Egyptian magazineTemplate:Which he declared that his main disciples in Egypt are Nasr Abu Zayd, Ali Mabrouk, and Kareem Essayyad.Template:Citation needed
The scholar Carool Kersten notes that Hanafi's intellectual influence extends beyond majority Arabic-speaking countries and includes Indonesia,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> where among the local intelligentsia, Hanafi represented "a particular brand of Arab intellectuals known as turāthiyyūn—‘heritage thinkers’."<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Death
Hannafi died on 21 October 2021, aged 86.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
Select bibliography
Source:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
- al-yasār al-islāmī wal-waḥda l-wataniyya [The Islamic Left and National Unity] (Cairo: N.H., 1981).
- al-yamīn wal-yasār fī al- fiqr addīnī [The Right and the Left in Religious Thought] (Damascus: ḍar allaa addin, 1996).
- Contemporary issues, (Cairo, 1977)
- Religious dialogue and revolution (Cairo, 1977).
- Tradition and modernism, Arab Center for Research and Publication, (Cairo: Arab Center for Research and Publication, 1977)
- "The relevance of the Islamic alternative in Egypt" Arab Studies Quarterly 4, 54-74. 1982.
- Qadhāyā Mu'āshirat Fi'Fikrina Al-Mu'āshir (Beirut: Dārut-Tanwīr lith-Thibā'atin-Nasyr, 1983).
- Ad-Dîn Wat-Tsaurah Fi Mishr, 1952-1981 (Cairo, 1987).
- Min Al-'Aqīdah Ilā Al-Thawrah: Al-Muqaddimāt Al-Nazariyyah [From Dogma to revolution] (Cairo, 1989).
- Theosophy and phenomenology: Islamic studies (Cairo, 1989).
- East-West dialogue (with Al-Jabiri) (Cairo, 1991).
- Generations dialogue, (Cairo: Dar Keba, 1998)
- From transfer to creativity (Cairo: Dar Keba, 2001).
- "From Orientalism to Occidentalism', Encounters in Language and Literature 1(2), 7-16. 2012.
- "'As-Salafiyyāt Wa Al-'Ilmāniyyāt Fi Fikrina Al-Mu'āshir', Al-Azminat 3(15), 15-47. 2016.