Hazaragi dialects
Template:Short description Template:Multiple issues Template:Infobox language Template:Hazaras
Hazaragi (Template:LangxTemplate:Efn) refers to a group of dialects of Afghan Persian. Afghan Persian, also known as Dari, is an eastern variety of the Persian language and has many dialects throught Afghanistan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Classification
Hazaragi dialects fall under Dari, an eastern variety of Persian. Dari, known as Afghan Persian is one of the two official Languages of Afghanistan. Persian is a prominent member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The Hazaragi dialects of Dari and the standard Kabuli dialect of Dari are mutually intelligible,<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi2">Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> with the primary differences being accents.<ref name="OCLC 4016342">Schurmann, Franz (1962) The Mongols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan Mouton, The Hague, Netherlands, page 17, OCLC 401634</ref> In Daykundi, the local dialect of Dari contains some Turkic loanwords via Karluk.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Najib Mayel Heravi about the Hazaragi dialects:
"The Hazaragi dialects of Persian possess some of the most ancient and authentic features of the Persian language, to the extent that features typical of the Persian dialects of the 4th and 5th centuries (such as compound verbs instead of simple verbs, old particles, adverbs, old prefixes, verb repetitions, old pronouns, and noticeable alternations) are all prevalent in this variety. The study of these dialects of Persian in Afghanistan, before it becomes obsolete and foreign, is essential for historical linguistic studies of Persian and for solving problems in the interpretation of ancient Persian texts."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geographic distribution and diaspora
Template:See also Hazaragi dialects are mainly spoken by the Hazara people, who are native to and mainly live in Afghanistan.
As part of the larger Afghan diaspora, the Hazara diaspora has led to many Hazara Afghans living, or being born, in Pakistan and Iran. As a result, many Afghan-Pakistanis (particularly in Quetta), and Afghan-Iranians (particularly in Mashhad),<ref>Area Handbook for Afghanistan, page 77, Harvey Henry Smith, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area Studies</ref> speak Hazaragi dialects of Dari. Along with the diaspora in eastern Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan, the Americas, Europe, and Australia.<ref>Barbara A. West. "Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania". pp 272. Info base Publishing, 2009. Template:ISBN</ref> The influx of Afghan refugees in Iran has caused there to be an estimated total of 399,000 Dari speakers of Hazaragi dialects in the country, as of 2021.<ref name="Haz">Template:Cite web</ref>
History
Persian and Islam
Template:See also The Persian language became so much part of the religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots.Template:Citation needed Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout South Asia.<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Turkic and Mongolic influence
Some dialects of Dari spoken by Hazaras contain some Turkic loanwords.<ref name="eprints.hec.gov.pk2" /><ref name=":02">Template:Citation</ref> According to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.<ref name="TemirkhanovVocabulary"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа". Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: "монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики".</ref> An Iranica article on the Dari dialects of Hazaras states that they consist of three linguistic layers: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) the Mongolian language; and (3) modern tājiki, which preserves in it elements of (1) and (2).<ref name=":1" />
According to Efimov, examples of vocabulary in Hazaragi dialects that reflect Turkic influence include ata (“father”), kaṭa (“big, large”), qara (“black”),<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> kunda (“plow”), qōš (“eyebrow”),<ref name="Efimov">Ефимов В. А. (1965)."Язык афганских хазара." Москва: Наука. Page 52.</ref> while words of Mongolic origin include bêri (“bride”), alaḡa (“palm of the hand”), qulaḡay (“thief”),<ref name=":1" /> xatun (“wife, woman”), ōḡil (“village”).<ref name="Efimov">Ефимов В. А. (1965)."Язык афганских хазара." Москва: Наука. Page 52.</ref>Template:Ill, a German Iranologist and expert in Central Asian linguistics, notes that a key distinguishing feature of the Hazaragi dialects are its Turco-Mongolic lexical components, which make up around 10 percent of their vocabularies. Although the Hazaragi dialects of Dari remain structurally similar to the Kabuli dialect of Dari, this lexical layer is different.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Idem, The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kāboli Dari (Persian), Compared to the Literary Language, Kabul, 1975</ref>
Grammatical structure
The grammatical structure of the Hazaragi dialects of Afghan Persian, also known as Dari, <ref>Valentin Aleksandrovich Efimov, Yazyk afganskikh khazara: Yakavlangskii dialect, Moscow, 1965. pp. 22–83</ref><ref>Idem, “Khazara yazyk,” in Yazyki mira. Iranskiĭ yazyki I: yugo-zapadnye iranskiĭ yazyki, Moscow, 1997, pp. 154–66.</ref><ref>G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 29–41</ref> are identical to that of the Kabuli dialect of Afghan Persian.<ref>A. G. Ravan Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955.</ref><ref>Idem, The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kāboli Dari (Persian), Compared to the Literary Language, Kabul, 1975</ref>
Phonology
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Template:IPA link | ||
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Low | Template:IPA link |
Template:IPA can also approach the sound Template:IPA or Template:IPA.<ref name=":12" />
As a group of Afghan Persian dialects, with Afghan Persian being considered the more formal and classical variety of Persian,Template:Citation needed Hazaragi dialects retain the voiced fricative Template:IPA, and the bilabial articulation of Template:IPA. They have borrowed the (rare)Template:Clarify retroflexes Template:IPA and Template:IPA, as in buṭ (meaning "boot") vs. but (meaning "idol") (cf. Iranian PersianTemplate:Transliteration); and Template:IPA is often dropped.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The convergence of voiced uvular stop Template:IPA (ق) and voiced velar fricative Template:IPA (غ) in Western Persian (probably under the influence of Turkic languages)<ref>A. Pisowicz, Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems (Cracow 1985), p. 112-114, 117.</ref> is still kept separate in Hazaragi dialects.
Diphthongs include Template:IPA, Template:IPA, and Template:IPA (cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration). The vocalic system is eastern Persian, characterized by the loss of length distinction, the retention of mid vowels, and the rounding of Template:IPA and Template:IPA, alternating with its merger with Template:IPA, or Template:IPA (cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration).<ref name=":0" /> Template:Clarify
Stress is dynamic and same to that in the Kabuli dialect of Dari/Afghan Persian<ref>Farhadi, Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d’un recuil de quatrains populaires de région de Kâbol, Paris, 1955, pp. 64–67</ref> and Tajikistan dialects of Persian,<ref>V. S.Rastorgueva, A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar, tr. Herbert H. Paper, Bloomington, Ind., and The Hague, 1963, pp. 9–10</ref> and not variable.<ref>G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. p. 37</ref> It generally falls on the last syllable of a nominal form, including derivative suffixes and several morphological markers. Typical is the insertion of epenthetic vowels in consonant clusters (as in pašm to póšum; "wool") and final devoicing (as in ḵût; "self, own").<ref name=":0" />
Template:IPA only occurs infrequently and among more educated speakers. Template:IPA can be heard as either a trill Template:IPA or a tap Template:IPA. /Template:IPA/ can also range to uvular sounds [[[:Template:IPA]]].
Nominal morphology
The most productive derivative marker is -i, and the plural markers are -o for the inanimate (as in kitab-o, meaning "books"; cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration) and -û for the animate (as in birar-û, meaning "brothers"; cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration). The emphatic vocative marker is û or -o, the indefinite marker is -i, and the specific object marker is -(r)a. The comparative marker is -tar (as in kalû-tar, meaning "bigger"). Dependent adjectives and nouns follow the head noun and are connected by -i (as in kitab-i mamud, meaning "the book of Maḥmud"). Topicalized possessors precede the head noun marked by the resumptive personal suffix (as in Zulmay ayê-ši, literally "Zulmay her mother"). Prepositions include, in addition to the standard Persian ones, ḵun(i) (meaning "with, using", da (meaning "in"; cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration); the latter often replaces ba (meaning "to") in dative function. Loaned postpositions include comitative -qati (meaning "together with") and (az) -worî (meaning "like"). Interrogatives typically function also as indefinite (as in kudam, meaning "which, someone").<ref name=":0" />
| Singular/Plural | First person | Second person | Third person |
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | ma [me, I] (man) | tu [you] (tu) | e/u [this/that] (w) |
| plural | mû [we, us] (mo) | šimû/šumû (cumo) | yo/wo [these/those] (icon) |
| singular | -um [mine] -em | -it/khu/–tû [your/yours] (-et) | -iš/-(i)ši [his/hers] (-ec) |
| plural | -mû [ours] (-emon) | –tû/-šimû/šumû [your/yours] (-eton) | -iš/-(i)ši [their] (-econ) |
The inflection (u,o) that Hazaras use to pluralize nouns is also found in Avesta, Yashts such as Aryo.
Particles, conjunctions, modals, and adverbials
These include atê/arê, meaning "yes"; amma or wali, meaning "but"; balki, meaning "however"; šaydi, meaning "perhaps"; ale, meaning "now"; and wuḵt-a, meaning "then". These are also marked by distinctive initial stress.<ref name=":0" />
| Hazaragi-Dari | Iranian Persian | English |
|---|---|---|
| amyale | aknun | now |
| dalil'dera | dalil darad | maybe |
Verb morphology
The imperfective marker is mi- (assimilated variants: m-, mu-, m-, mê-; as in mi-zan-um, "I hit, I am hitting"). The subjunctive and imperative marker is bi- (with similar assimilation). The negation is na- (as in na-mi-zad-um, "I was not hitting"). These usually attract stress.<ref name=":0" />
Tenses
The tense, mood, and aspect system is typically quite different from Western Persian. The basic tense system is threefold: present-future, past, and remote (pluperfect). New modal paradigms developed in addition to the subjunctives:
- The non-seen/mirative that originates in the resultative-stative perfect (e.g., zad-ēm; cf. Iranian Persian Template:Transliteration), which has largely lost its non-modal use;
- the potential, or assumptive, which is marked by the invariant ḵot (cf. Persian xāh-ad or xād, "it wants, intends") combined with the indicate and subjunctive forms.
Moreover, all past and remote forms have developed imperfective forms marked by mi-. There are doubts about several of the less commonly found, or recorded, forms, in particular those with ḵot.<ref>G. K. Dulling, The Hazaragi Dialect of Afghan Persian: A Preliminary Study, Central Asian Monograph 1, London, 1973. pp. 35–36</ref> However, the systematic arrangement of all forms according to their morphological, as well as semantic, function shows that those forms fit well within the overall pattern. The system may tentatively be shown as follows (all forms are 1st sing), leaving out complex compound forms such as zada ḵot mu-buda baš-um.<ref name=":0" />
In the assumptive, the distinction appears to be not between present versus past, but indefinite versus definite. Also, similar to all Persian dialects, the imperfective forms in mi-, and past perfect forms, such as mi-zad-um and zada bud-um, are used in irreal conditional clauses and wishes; e.g., kaški zimi qulba kadagi mu-but, "If the field would only be/have been plowed!" Modal verbs, such as tan- ("can"), are constructed with the perfect participle; e.g., ma bû-r-um, da čaman rasid-a ḵot tanist-um, "I shall go, and may be able to get to Čaman". Participial nominalization is typical, both with the perfect participle (e.g., kad-a, "(having) done") and with the derived participle with passive meaning kad-ag-i, "having been done" (e.g., zimin-i qulba kada-ya, "The field is ploughed"; zamin-i qulba (na-)šuda-ra mi-ngar-um, "I am looking at a plowed/unplowed field"; imrûz [u ḵondagi] tikrar mu-kun-a, "Today he repeats (reading) what he had read"). The gerundive (e.g., kad-an-i, "to be done") is likewise productive, as in yag čiz, ki uftadani baš-a, ma u-ra qad-dist-ḵu girift-um, tulḡa kad-um, "One object, that was about to fall, I grabbed, and held it". The clitic -ku or -ḵu topicalizes parts of speech, -di the predicate; as in i-yši raft, ma-ḵu da ḵona mand-um, "He himself left; I, though, I stayed".<ref name=":0" />