Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

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File:PrezHeight.png
Presidents have trended to be taller over time, as shown using linear trend estimation.

A record of the heights of the presidents and presidential candidates of the United States is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections in the United States. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.<ref>As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog Template:Webarchive noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.</ref>

The tallest U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln at Template:Convert, while the shortest was James Madison at Template:Convert.

Donald Trump, the current president, is Template:Convert tall, according to the White House physician (as of April 2025).<ref name="2025exam"/>Template:Independent source inline JD Vance, the current vice president, is reportedly Template:Convert tall.<ref name="vance">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Trump's height is disputed and is generally considered shorter than official reports suggest.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="trump_politico"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="trump_telegraph"/>

U.S. presidents by height order

File:Abraham Lincoln, 1863.jpg
Abraham Lincoln, the tallest president, was Template:Convert.
File:James Madison Portrait2.jpg
James Madison, the shortest president, was Template:Convert.

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Electoral success as a function of height

File:Election heights 1798-2004.png
Graph of winner vs. loser heights in presidential elections, 1789–2004

Folk wisdom about U.S. presidential politics holds that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate.<ref name="shrinkingfield"/> The topic is also popular among essayists and popular science writers.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>

A number of studies have been published, but many have methodological issues,<ref name=":0" /> including varied and unjustified date ranges from which elections are sampled in order to calculate percentages of elections in which taller candidates have won.<ref name=":0" /> One 2001 study approached the issue by measuring the support of candidates in terms of popular votes, giving evidence for an advantage for taller candidates.<ref name=":0" /> Other studies have also compared presidential height to the average height of the population.<ref name=":0" />

According to a 2013 study, significantly taller candidates were more likely to win the popular vote, while they were not more likely to win U.S. presidential elections: the number of taller candidates who won elections did not differ in a statistically significant manner from chance.<ref name=":0" /> It also found that the winning probability of the taller candidate increases to the present day, affecting studies which only analyze elections from the recent past.<ref name=":0" />

  • In Ray Bradbury's 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, when Mildred and her friends discuss the success of one presidential candidate over the other in a recent election, they talk only about the attractiveness of the winning candidate over the loser. One of their points is "You just don't go running a little short man like that against a tall man."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • A 1975 book called First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others notes: "Elevator Shoes, Anyone? One factor which has a far-reaching influence on how people are perceived, at least in American society, is height. From 1900 to 1968 the man elected U.S. president was always the taller of the two candidates. (Richard Nixon was slightly shorter than George McGovern.)"<ref name="1stimpress">Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. Template:ISBN Google Print</ref>
  • A 1978 book titled The Psychology of Person Identification states: "They also say that every President of the USA elected since the turn of the [20th] century has been the taller of the two candidates (Jimmy Carter being an exception)."<ref name="personid">Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. Template:ISBN. Print</ref>
  • A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times fashion section about a haberdasher devoted to clothing shorter men included a variation of the tale: "Stern says he just learned that Dukakis is 5 feet, 8 inches. 'Did you know,' he adds, noticeably disappointed, 'that since 1900 the taller of the two candidates always wins?'"<ref>Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1988, p. 7</ref>
  • A 1997 book called How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You discusses the issue in a section about the importance of height: "What about height? One assumes the taller the better, because our culture venerates height. In fact, practically every president elected in the United States since 1900 was the taller of the two candidates."<ref name="love">Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. Template:ISBN Google Print</ref>
  • A 1999 book, Survival of the Prettiest by Nancy Etcoff, repeated a version of the legend in a section on the power of heights: "... Since 1776 only [two Presidents,] James Madison and Benjamin Harrison[,] have been below-average height. The easiest way to predict the winner in a United States election is to bet on the taller man: in this century you would have had an unbroken string of hits until 1972 when Richard Nixon beat George McGovern."<ref>Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • A chapter titled "Epistemology at the Core of Postmodernism" in the 2002 book Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmodernisms makes this observation: "I remember the subversive effect the observation had on me that in every U.S. presidential race, the taller of the two candidates had been elected. It opened up space for a counterdiscourse to the presumed rationality of the electoral process."<ref name="foucault">Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. Template:ISBN Google Print</ref>

Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates

File:Secretary Kerry Compares His Height to That of George Washington While Touring National Constitution Center in Philadelphia (21104044311).jpg
Secretary Kerry compares his height to that of a statue of George Washington while touring National Constitution Center in Philadelphia.
 Taller candidate was elected   Shorter candidate was elected 
 Winner and opponent were of the same height   Comparison data unavailable 

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Notes:

** Lost the House of Representatives vote, but received the most popular votes and a plurality of electoral votes; however, not the majority needed to win.

† Ran unopposed

Extremes

File:Lincoln O-62 by Gardner, 1862-crop.jpg
President Lincoln at Antietam in October 1862 with eventual 1864 opponent Gen. George B. McClellan (second from left)

The tallest president elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (Template:Convert). Portrait artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter supplies the information for Lincoln:

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Mr. Lincoln's height was six feet three and three-quarter inches "in his stocking-feet." He stood up one day, at the right of my large canvas, while I marked his exact height upon it.<ref name="Carpenter" />{{#if:|

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A disputed theory holds that Lincoln's height is the result of the genetic condition multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B); see medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Only slightly shorter than Lincoln was Lyndon B. Johnson (Template:Convert), the tallest president who originally entered office without being elected directly.

The shortest president elected to office was James Madison (Template:Convert); the shortest president to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were Template:Convert).

The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at Template:Convert and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at Template:Convert. The second-tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry at Template:Convert. The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidates are Stephen A. Douglas and Kamala Harris, both at Template:Convert. The next shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Hillary Clinton, who lost the 2016 election, and is Template:Convert.

The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood Template:Convert taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference (and the largest difference where the winner was the shorter candidate) was in the 1812 election, with DeWitt Clinton standing Template:Convert taller than incumbent James Madison. The 2024 election between Donald Trump and Kamala Harris had the third-largest difference at Template:Convert.

Notes

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References

Citations

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Sources

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