Heinrich von Kleist

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox writer Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (Template:IPA; 18 October 1777Template:Snd21 November 1811) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer and journalist. His best known works are the theatre plays The Prince of Homburg, Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, The Broken Jug, Amphitryon and Penthesilea, and the novellas Michael Kohlhaas and The Marquise of O. Kleist ended his life by shooting himself together with a close female friend who was terminally ill.

The Kleist Prize, a prestigious prize for German literature, is named after him, as was the Kleist Theater in his birthplace Frankfurt an der Oder.

Life

Kleist was born into the von Kleist family in Frankfurt an der Oder in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia. After a scanty education, he entered the Prussian Army in 1792, served in the Rhine campaign of 1796, and retired from the service in 1799 with the rank of lieutenant. He studied law, philosophy, natural sciences and Latin at the Viadrina University, and in 1800, he obtained a subordinate post in the Ministry of Finance at Berlin.

In the following year, Kleist's roving restless spirit got the better of him, and procuring a lengthened leave of absence, he visited Paris, then settled in Switzerland. There, he found congenial friends in Heinrich Zschokke and Template:Ill (1777–1819), son of the poet Christoph Martin Wieland; and to them, he read his first drama, a gloomy tragedy, Template:Ill (1803).

In the autumn of 1802, Kleist returned to Germany; he visited Goethe, Schiller, and Wieland in Weimar, stayed for a while in Leipzig and Dresden, returned to Paris. Returning in 1804 to his post in Berlin, he transferred to the Domänenkammer (department for the administration of crown lands) at Königsberg. On a journey to Dresden in 1807, Kleist was arrested by the French as a spy; he remained a close prisoner of France in the Fort de Joux. On regaining his liberty, he proceeded to Dresden, where, in conjunction with Adam Heinrich Müller (1779–1829), he published the journal Phöbus in 1808.

File:Grabstätte Bismarckstr 2-4 (Wanns) Heinrich von Kleist 1.jpg
Grave of Kleist and Henriette Vogel at Berlin Kleiner Wannsee after renovation in 2011
File:Kleist suicide letter.jpg
Suicide letter addressed to his half-sister Ulrike

In 1809 Kleist went to Prague, and ultimately settled in Berlin. He edited (1810/1811) the Template:Ill. Captivated by the intellectual and musical accomplishments of the terminally-ill Henriette Vogel(de), Kleist, more disheartened and embittered than ever, agreed to do her bidding and die with her, carrying out this resolution by first shooting Vogel then himself on the shore of the Kleiner Wannsee (Little Wannsee) near Potsdam, on 21 November 1811.<ref name=EB1911>{{#if: | 

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According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "Kleist's whole life was filled by a restless striving after ideal and illusory happiness, and this is reflected in his work. He was by far the most important North German dramatist of the Romantic movement, and no other of the Romanticists approaches him in the energy with which he expresses patriotic indignation."Template:Sfn

A life with a plan

In the spring of 1799, the 21-year-old Kleist wrote a letter to his half-sister Template:Ill in which he found it "incomprehensible how a human being can live without a life plan" (Lebensplan).<ref name="MO">Heinrich von Kleist, The Marquise of O– and other stories. Ed. and translated by David Luke and Nigel Reeves. (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), 7.</ref> In effect, Kleist sought and discovered an overwhelming sense of security by looking to the future with a definitive plan for his life.<ref name="MO" /> It brought him happiness and assured him of confidence, especially knowing life without a plan only saw despair and discomfort.<ref name="MO" /> The irony of his suicide is the fodder of his critics.

Relationship with Henriette Vogel and suicide pact

Kleist met Henriette Vogel in 1809 through his friend Adam Müller; a friendship flourished. They shared a fondness for music, and according to Ernest Peguilhen, Henriette Vogel asked her friend to explain to her the art of war, as well as to teach her fencing,Template:Citation needed for the dramatist was a soldier. The relationship between the two became intimate in the autumn of 1811. According to their contemporaries, there was no fire of passion but a purely spiritual love. His cousin<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Marie von Kleist, the most important sponsor and confidant of Heinrich von Kleist, also made sure these rumors spread. According to the autopsy report, Vogel was suffering from cancer.<ref>M. Riße & G. Weiler, "Heinrich von Kleist und Henriette Vogel. Forensisch-historische Aspekte eines erweiterten Suizids", Rechtsmedizin 9, 112–114 (1999) Template:Doi</ref>

On 21 November 1811 the two traveled from Berlin to Wannsee. Prior to their departure, they penned farewell letters, along with an account of the final night they spent at the inn Gasthof Stimming. Upon their arrival in the vicinity of the Wannsee in Potsdam, Kleist shot Henriette, then turned the gun on himself. They were buried together in a common grave at Kleine Wannsee (Bismarckstrasse), which became a tourist attraction. It was re-designed prior to the bi-centenary of their deaths. On that occasion, direct access from Wannsee station to the grave was built. The gravestone, erected by Germans in 1936, was rotated, and shows engraved original text written by Max Ring and the Pater Noster's request: "forgive us our guilt" as well as the names and data of Henriette Vogel and Heinrich von Kleist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Heinrich von Kleist Monument.jpg
Kleist Monument in Frankfurt (Oder)

Literary works

His first tragedy was The Schroffenstein Family (Die Familie Schroffenstein). The material for the second, Penthesilea (1808), queen of the Amazons, is taken from a Greek source and presents a picture of wild passion. More successful than either of these was his romantic play, Käthchen of Heilbronn (Das Käthchen von Heilbronn) (1808), a poetic drama full of medieval bustle and mystery, which retained its popularity for many years.<ref name=EB1911/>

In comedy, Kleist made a name with The Broken Jug (Der zerbrochne Krug) (1808), while Template:Ill (1808), an adaptation of Molière's comedy, received critical acclaim long after his death. Of Kleist's other dramas, Die Hermannsschlacht (1809) is a dramatic work of anti-Napoleonic propaganda, written as Austria and France went to war. It has been described by Carl Schmitt as the "greatest partisan work of all time".<ref>Schmitt, Carl, Theory of the Partisan, p. 5Template:Full citation needed</ref> In it he gives vent to his hatred of his country's oppressors. This, together with the drama The Prince of Homburg (Prinz Friedrich von Homburg oder die Schlacht bei Fehrbellin), which is among his best works, was first published by Ludwig Tieck in Kleist's Hinterlassene Schriften (1821). Robert Guiskard, a drama conceived on a grand plan, was left a fragment.<ref name=EB1911 />

Kleist was also a master in the art of narrative, and of his Gesammelte Erzählungen (Collected Stories) (1810–1811), Michael Kohlhaas, in which the famous Brandenburg horse dealer in Martin Luther's day is immortalized, is one of the best German stories of its time.<ref name=EB1911 /> The Earthquake in Chile (Das Erdbeben in Chili) and St. Cecilia, or the Power of Music (Die heilige Cäcilie oder die Gewalt der Musik) are also fine examples of Kleist's story telling as is The Marquise of O (Die Marquise von O). His short narratives influenced those of Kafka<ref>Walter Hinderer, "Kleist bläst in mich, wie in eine alte Schweinsblase" in Franz Kafka und die Weltliteratur, Ed. Manfred Engel, Dieter Lamping. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006) 66-82.</ref> and the novellas of the Austrian writer Friedrich Halm.<ref>Halms Werke, Vol. 11, ed. by Faust Pachler and Emil Kuh; Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna, 1872, p. vii</ref> He also wrote patriotic lyrics in the context of the Napoleonic Wars.

Work in rhetoric

Kleist's work also delved into the realm of rhetoric. Most notable for his use of error and understanding its importance, Kleist's devices used were misspeaking, misunderstanding, mistaken identities, and other confusions of the sort. In his works one can see the most prevalent use of rhetoric within Penthesilea. In the story moments of violence, seduction and war all hinge upon errors in language. Through these errors, Kleist shows how error can influence everyday situations and can be the causation of serious problems. As a sum, Kleist's use of error explores what one can make of ironic errors within speech.<ref>Sng, Zachary. The Rhetoric of Error from Locke to Kleist. Stanford. Stanford University Press. 2010. Chapter 5.</ref>

Philosophical essays

Kleist is also famous for his essays on subjects of aesthetics and psychology which, to the closer look, show a keen insight into the metaphysical questions discussed by philosophers of his time, such as Kant, Fichte and Schelling.

On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking

In the first of his larger essays, On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking (Template:Ill), Kleist claims that most people are advised to speak only about what they already understand.<ref name="GbR405">Heinrich von Kleist, On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking. Ed. and Trans. by David Constantine. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2004), 405.</ref> Instead of talking about what you already know, Kleist admonishes his readers to speak to others with "the sensible intention of instructing yourself."<ref name="GbR405" /> Fostering a dialogue through the art of "skillful questioning" can play a role in achieving a rational or enlightened state of mind, but need not ("Nor is it that her skillful questioning leads me on to the point which matters, though this may frequently be the case" (von Kleist, p. 405)).<ref name="GbR405" /> And yet, Kleist employs the example of the French Revolution as the climactic event of the Enlightenment era whereby man broke free from his dark and feudal chains in favor of liberty, equality, fraternity. It is not that easy though for Kleist. Man cannot simply guide himself into the future with a rational mind as his primary tool. Therefore, Kleist strongly advocates for the usefulness of reflection ex post facto or after the fact.<ref name="GbR410">Heinrich von Kleist, On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking. Ed. and Trans. by David Constantine. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2004), 410.</ref> In doing so, man will be able to mold his collective consciousness in a manner conducive to the principles of free will. By reflecting after the fact, man will avoid the seemingly detestable inhibitions offered in rational thought. In other words, the will to power has "its splendid source in the feelings," and thus, man must overcome his "struggle with Fate" with a balanced mixture of wisdom and passion.<ref name="GbR410" />

Bibliography

His Gesammelte Schriften were published by Ludwig Tieck (3 vols. 1826) and by Julian Schmidt (new ed. 1874); also by Franz Muncker (4 vols. 1882); by Theophil Zolling (4 vols. 1885); by K. Siegen, (4 vols. 1895); and in a critical edition by Erich Schmidt (5 vols. 1904–1905). His Ausgewählte Dramen were published by K. Siegen (Leipzig, 1877); and his letters were first published by Eduard von Bülow, Heinrich von Kleists Leben und Briefe (1848).<ref name=EB1911/>

Plays

  • Die Familie Schroffenstein, written 1802, published anonymously in 1803, premiered 9 January 1804 in Graz
  • Robert Guiskard, Herzog der Normänner, written 1802–1803, published April/May 1808 in Phöbus, first performed on 6 April 1901 at the Berliner Theater in Berlin
  • Der zerbrochne Krug (The Broken Jug), written 1803–1806, premiered 2 March 1808 at the Hoftheater in Weimar
  • Amphitryon, written 1807, first performed on 8 April 1899 at the Neuen Theater in Berlin
  • Penthesilea, completed 1807, published 1808, first performed in May 1876 at the Königlichen Schauspielhaus in Berlin
  • Das Käthchen von Heilbronn oder Die Feuerprobe. Ein großes historisches Ritterschauspiel, written 1807–1808, partially published in Phöbus 1808, premiered 17 March 1810 at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, revised and fully published in 1810
  • Die Hermannsschlacht, written 1809, posthumously published 1821, first performed on 18 October 1860 in Breslau
  • Prinz Friedrich von Homburg (The Prince of Homburg), written 1809–1811, first performed on 3 October 1821 as Die Schlacht von Fehrbellin at the Burgtheater in Vienna

Novellas and short stories

  • Das Erdbeben in Chili (The Earthquake in Chile), published under the original title Jeronimo und Josephe 1807 in Cottas Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände; revised and included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1)
  • Die Marquise von O...., published February 1808 in Phöbus; revised and included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1)
  • Michael Kohlhaas. Aus einer alten Chronik, partially published June 1808 in Phöbus; included in 1810 in Erzählungen (Volume 1)
  • Das Bettelweib von Locarno (The Beggarwoman of Locarno), published 11 October 1810 in the Berliner Abendblättern; included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2)
  • Die heilige Cäcilie oder die Gewalt der Musik. Eine Legende (St. Cecilia or The Power of Music), published 15-17 November 1810 in the Berliner Abendblättern; expanded and included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2)
  • Die Verlobung in St. Domingo (The Betrothal in Santo Domingo), published 25 March to 5 April 1811 in Der Freimüthige; revised and included in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2)
  • Der Findling (The Foundling), published in 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2)
  • Der Zweikampf (The Duel), published 1811 in Erzählungen (Volume 2)
  • Anekdoten, published 1810–1811 in the Berliner Abendblättern

Adaptations

Operas

Films

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Banham, Martin, ed. (1998). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Contag, Johannes (2025). The Stories of Heinrich von Kleist: A Critical Bilingual Edition. 2 volumes, De Gruyter Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-74235-2.
  • Croce, Benedetto (1924). "Kleist." In: European Literature in the Nineteenth Century. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 52–59.
  • Helbling, Robert (1975). The Major Works of Heinrich von Kleist. New York: New Directions. Template:ISBN.
  • Jacobs, Carol (1989). Uncontainable Romanticism: Shelley, Brontë, Kleist. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Hampp, Bernhard (2017). Wo das Käthchen aus dem Fenster sprang. Kleist-Archiv Sembdner in Heilbronn. In: Bernhard Hampp: Schwaben erlesen! Württemberg für Literaturfreunde und Bibliophile. Messkirch: Gmeiner Verlag. Template:ISBN. pp 135–136.
  • Lamport, Francis John (1990). German Classical Drama: Theatre, Humanity and Nation, 1750–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Maass, Joachim (1983). Kleist: A Biography. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
  • McGlathery, James (1983). Desire's Sway the Plays and Stories of Heinrich von Kleist. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Meldrum Brown, Hilda (1998). Heinrich Von Kleist The Ambiguity of Art and the Necessity of Form. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Template:ISBN.
  • Minde-Pouet, Georg (1897). Heinrich von Kleist, seine Sprache und sein Stil. Weimar: Emil Felber.
  • Ohff, Heinz (2004). Heinrich von Kleist: Ein preussisches Schicksal. Munich: Piper Verlag Template:ISBN
  • Parry, Idris (1988). "Kleist on Puppets." In: Speak Silence: Essays. Manchester: Carcanet.
  • Phillips, James (2007). The Equivocation of Reason: Kleist Reading Kant. Stanford: Stanford University Press Template:ISBN
  • Servaes, Franz (1902). Heinrich von Kleist. Leipzig: E. A. Seemann.
  • Siebert, Eberhard (2009). Heinrich von Kleist – eine Bildbiographie. Heilbronn: Kleist-Archiv Sembdner Template:ISBN
  • Staengle, Peter (2009). Kleist. Sein Leben. Heilbronn: Kleist-Archiv Sembdner Template:ISBN
  • Steig, Reinhold (1901). Heinrich von Kleists Berliner Kämpfe. Berlin: W. Spemann.
  • Template:In lang Dirk de Pol (2021). "Das Erhabene bei Kleist" In: Dirk de Pol: Epochensplitterbruch. Pandavia, Berlin, pp. 24–52. Template:ISBN

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